Friday 9 December 2011

9th std SA 2 - History

Chapter - 5
FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM

Page – 77
Introduction:
Q1. What are the uses of forests?
• Forests cause rainfall, purifies air, they are the sources of rich resources like timber, medicinal herbs, they contain rich wild life etc..
Q2. What are the products that we get from forests?
Q3. Which leaf is used to make bidis?
Ans: Tendu leaf
Q4. From which seeds do we get oil in chocolates
Ans: Sal seeds.
Q5. How many different species of plants are found in Amazon and western Ghats?
Ans: More than 500.
Q6. Which is the major cause for the disappearance of forests between 1700 and 1995?
Ans: Industrialization
Q7. How much land was cleared for industrialization in the world?
Ans: 13.9 million sq km or 9.3% of world’s total area.
WHY DEFORESTATION? Page – 78 – 82
Q1. What is deforestation?
Q2. What caused a rapid deforestation in India?
Ans: Colonialism and industrialization.
LAND TO BE IMPROVED
Q1. How much land was under cultivation in India in 1600?
Ans: 1/6th of land.
Q2. What caused a rapid decline in forest wealth in India?
Ans:
• As population increased, the demand for food also went up.
• Peasants extended cultivable lands by clearing forests.
• During the colonial rule the British encouraged the farmers to grow commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat cotton.
• The demand for these crops increased in Europe where food grains are needed for their growing urban population.
• They also needed raw materials for their industries.
• In the early 19th century the British thought that the forests are wilderness and have to be cleared for cultivation.
Box 1 page 79
(read the topic from the text book)
Q1. How much land was brought under cultivation between 1880 and 1920?
Ans: 6.7 million hectares.
Q2. How did the white settlers call the empty Australian continent?
Ans: Terra Nullis.
Q3. Who lived in Australia when the whites landed there?
Ans: Aboriginals.
Q4. Who guided them in the continent?
Ans: Aboriginal guides.
Q5. Who plotted their land in Australia?
Ans: Ngarrindjeri people of Australia.
Q6. Who was their first ancestor?
Ans: Ngurunderi.
Q7. How did the aboriginals demarcated their territories?
• They demarcated their territories in 5 environmental zones.
(i) Salt water (ii) riverine tracts (iii) lakes (iv) bush and (v) desert plains.
• These lands satisfied their socio economic needs.
Source A page 79
Q1. How was the idea of increasing the cultivable land justified by the foreigners?
Ans: The colonizers justified the expansion of the cultivable lands as these are the rich resources helping the development of mankind.
Q2. What did the American writer, Richard Harding wrote on the Honduras in central America?
• He called the land and its people unimproved.
• He also said that its local people do not understand its value.
• According to him the Central Americans are like a gang of semi – barbarians in a beautiful furnished house.
Q3. How did the colonizers improve central America?
• The Americans owned United Fruit Company and grew bananas on industrial scale.
• The company acquired power over the government and came to be known as Banana Republic.
Page 80
Q1. How did the British fulfilled their teaming needs of timber? Or What caused the exploration of forest resources in India in 1820s?
• By early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing which were used in building ships in Royal Navy.
• By 1820s search parties were sent to explore Indian forest resources.
• Within a decade trees were filled on massive scale and exported from India.
Q2. Why did the spread of railways created new demand in 1850s?
• Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops.
• To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together.
• By 1860s the railway network expanded and large number of trees were felled.
• Forests around the railway tracks disappeared.
Q3. How many trees were cut in Madras presidency alone by 1850s?
• Ans: 35000 trees.
Source B page 81
Q1. Between where the new Indus valley line was constructed and at what distance in 1923?
Ans: Multan to Sukkur - distance of nearly 300 miles.

Q2. How many sleepers did this project require?
Ans: 600,000 sleepers 10 feet by 10 inches.
Q3. From where did the logs of sleepers come?
Ans: Sindh forests.
Q4. From where did the fuel come?
Tamarisk and Jhand forests fo Sindh and Punjab.
PLANTATIONS page 82
Q1. How did the plantations affect our forest resources?
Ans:
• Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations.
• Plantation crops were grown to meet the growing need of the people of England.
• The colonial government gave the forests at cheaper rates to the planters of tea and coffee.
THE RISE OF COMMERCIAL FORESTRY (page 83)
Q1. Who was appointed as the inspector general of Forests in India?
Ans: A German expert – Dietrich Brandis.

Q2. Who appointed Dietrich Brandis and why?
Ans: The British government appointed Brandis to find the ways to manage forest resources in India.
Q3. Describe or comment on the ways suggest by Inspector Brandis.
Ans: Brandis suggested that
• proper systems had to be introduced to manage forests and people had to be trained in the science conservation.
• Rules about the use of forests have to be framed.
• People must be restricted from felling of trees.
• Any body cutting the trees illegally must be severely punished.
• Brandis set up the Indian Forest Services in 1864 and formulated the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
• The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906 which taught scientific forestry. (now many people like ecologists think that this system is not scientific at all)
Q4. Define scientific forestry.
• In this forestry a lot of different types of naturally grown trees are cut down.
• In place of them uniform trees with straight rows are grown.
• The forest officials surveyed and planned the areas to be cleared and replanted plantation trees.
Q5. Highlight on the Forest Act of 1865.
• Forest Act was amended twice in 1878 and 1927.
• The 1878 the Act divided forests into reserved, protected and village forests.
• Reserved forests were called best forests.
• Villagers cannot take anything from reserved forests.
• People can take wood from protected or village forests.

HOW WERE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AFFECTED page 84 – 85
Q1. Throw light on the 2 different opinions of growing forests between the British foresters and the villagers.
• The foresters wanted trees which could fulfill their demands for the construction of buildings and railways.
• The villagers wanted a forest with mixed species so that they can get fuel, fodder and leaves.
Q2. How did the forests help the villagers in their daily life?
• People used forest products like roots, leaves, fruits and rubbers.
• They collected fruits and tubers from the forests.
• They also got medicinal herbs, wood for plough and bamboos for fences, baskets and umbrellas, scooped out gourd as water bottle.
• Leaves can be stitched together to make plates and cups.
Q3. Which 2 trees were largely planted by the foresters?
Ans: Sal and Teak.
Q4. Which creeper helped to make ropes?
Ans: Siadi (Bauhinia vahlii)
Q5. Name the forest products used to grate vegetables and light lamps.
Ans: Thorny barks of Semur (silk cotton) to grate vegetables.
Mahua fruits – used as cooking oil and light lamps.
Q6. How were the lives of people affected after the Forest Act was passed?
Ans: people faced several hardships in building houses, grazing and collecting fruits, fuels etc..
People were forced to steel wood. If they were caught they were punished and some times they had to give bribes to the guards.
HOW DID FOREST RULES AFFECT CULTIVATION (86-87)
Q1. How did Forest Acts and Rules affect the cultivation?
* The foresters banned the shifting cultivation by the people.
* They feared that the flames may spread and burn their valuable timber.
* As a result many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests.
* Some had to change occupation and some revolted.
Q2. What is shifting agriculture?
• Shifting agriculture is also called slash and burn method.
• After harvest the land is left fallow for 12 to 18 years.
• Crops are grown in new places.
• A mixture of crops are grown on these plots.
Q3. How is the method of shifting cultivation called by different countries ?
South east Asia – Lading, Central America- Milpa, Africa - Chitemene or Tavy,
Srilanka – Chena.
Q4. How is shifting cultivation locally called in India.
Dhya, Penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri.
WHO COULD HUNT? (87)
Q1. How did the people live in forests before forest laws were introduced?
People survived on hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals. Especially the royal families like Mughals largely practiced it as a customary.
Q2. How were the people affected by forest laws?
• The people were prohibited and punished for hunting and poaching.
• The forest laws deprived the customary rights of hunting.
Q3. How did the British try to civilize people through hunting?
• British saw large animals as wild and primitive.
• They believed that by killing dangerous animals the British could civilize the people of India.
• They gave rewards for killing tigers, wolves and other large animals.
• Over 80,000 tigers, 1,50,000 leopards and 2,00,000 wolves were killed for reward in 1875 -1925. Maharaja Sarguja alone shot 1,157 tigers and 2000 leopards up to 1957.
• A British administrator killed George Yule killed 400 tigers
• Only later conservatives and environmentalist argued the need to protect animals.
NEW TRADES, NEW EMPLOYMENTS AND NEW SERVICES
Q1. How did the people recover their occupations after the destruction of forests?
• People lost in many ways after the forest came under the control of forest department.
• Some people left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.
• This happened every where in the world.
• For example the Mundurucu people of the Brazilian Amazon who lived in villager and cultivated manioc and began to collect latex.
• They completely depended on traders.
Q2. Write on Indian trade in forest products.
• From medieval period on wards, we have records of adivasi communities trading elephants and other goods like hides, horns, silk, ivory bamboo etc.. through Banjaras (nomadic communities)
Q3. Name a few communities of India who lost their livelihood. How were they treated by the Britishers?
• Many pastoralist and nomadic communities like Korava, Karacha and Yerukula of the madras presidency lost their livelihoods.
• These people were called as criminal tribes and were forced to work in mines, factories and plantations under government supervision.
• In Assam both men and women santhals and oraons from Jharkand were recruited to work on a tea plantation.
• Their wages were low and were not allowed to go home.
SOURCE C (88)
Q1. Describe the condition of Baigas community ?
• Baigas are a forest community in Central India.
• In 1892 they petitioned to the govt as they were stopped from practicing shifting cultivation. (read source from book)
• The people starved out of hunger and the govt did not care about the people and also did not give their rights.
SOURCE D (89) (read from book)
Rubber extraction in the Putumayo
Q1. Where is Putumayo located?
Putumayo is a region located in Amazon.
Q2. How did the Peruvian Rubber Company engage the local people in their plantations of Putumayo and how did they treat them?
- The company extracted rubber from the land. They recruited the local Indians
- In 1900 -1912 nearly 4000 tons of rubber output was associated with the
decrease of 30, 000 people due to torture and disease.
- The workers were brutally killed including women and children who disobeyed
their orders of the manager.
Rebellion in the forest
Q1. Name some forest communities who rebelled against the changes imposed on them by the British.
.Siddhu and Kanu in the Santhal paragana, Birsa Munda of chhotanagpur or Alluri Sitarama Raju of Andhra Pradesh.
The people of Bastar
Q1. Where is Bastar located?
Bastar is located in the southern most part of chhatisgarh and borders of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. (central part of Bastar is a plateau. It extends from the north of chhatisgarh plain to the south Godavari plain)
Q2. Which river flows in the Bastar region?
Indravati (east to west)
Q3. Write about the tribal people of Bastar.
• Different communities like Maria and Mura Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas live here.
• They speak different languages but share common custom and beliefs.
• They believe that each village was given its land and in return they must look after the earth by making some offerings at each agriculture festival.
• They respect the rivers, forest, mountains etc..
• If the people want to take some wood from the forest of another village they must pay small fee called devasari, dand or man. (some engage watchmen)
• Every year they meet in paragana (cluster of villages) and discuss the concern including forest.
The fears of the people
Q1. How were the people of Bastar affected by forest laws?
• The British stopped the shifting cultivation and collection of forest products.
• Some people were allowed to stay on in the reserved forest and work freely in cutting and transporting trees and protecting forest from fire.
• Other people were displaced without any notice or compensation.
Q2. How did the people of Bastar make a protest?
• People gathered and discussed in the village councils, bazaars and festivals.
• Dhurwas of the Kanger forest initially protested.
• Gunda Dhur from Nethanar village became an important figure.
• In 1910 people passed messages through mango, lump of earth (mud), chillies and arrows.
• People looted the houses of the officials and traders.
• Schools, police stations were robbed and grains were redistributed.
Q3. Who said, ‘From all directions came steering into Jagdalpur, police merchants, forest peons, school masters and immigrants’.
Wiulliam ward, a missionary.
Q4. How did the British suppress the rebellions? What was the result of the rebellion?
• The British sent troops. The adivasi leader tried to negotiate.
• But the British surrounded the camp and fired on them.
• People deserted their land and fled into the jungles.
• British regained control over the region in 3 months (Feb – May)
• They could not capture Gund Dhur
Result: Before 1910, the forest area to be reserved was reduced to half of the planned area.
Q5. What was the proposal of world Bank in 1970s?
World Bank proposed that 4,600 hectares of natural sal forest should be replaced by tropical pine to provide pulp for the paper industry. The environmentalists protested and the project was stopped.
Source E (page 91)
Bhondia mob started on 10th Feb. burnt the Marenge school, police post line, school at Tokapal. The head constable and 4 constables were captured who came to escort the Dewan. The mob mal treated and seized their weapons.
Source F (page 91)
PodiyamiGanga was told a story of the Bastar people by Podiyami Tokeli.
*British took the land from the Bastar people.
* Raja did not take care. Podiyami Tokeli’s supporters gathered and war started, many killed and many were whipped. Tokeli was also whipped.
*British used to tie the people at horse back pulled them.
* The paltan or the soldiers surrounded the people. The battle took place at night. Army ran away.
Forest Transformation in Java
Q1. Where is Java located? Indonesia
Q2. Who had established colonies in Java? Dutch
(once Java was filled with forests and the Dutch started the forest management. The population of Java was 3.4 million)
The wood cutters of Java
Q1. Who were Kalangs? How did they live?
• The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
• The Mataram kingdom of Java split the 6000 Kalang families were equally and divided between the 2 kingdoms
• When the Dutch controlled the places they suppressed the Kalangs under them.
Dutch Scientific Forestry
Q1. How were the people of Java affected by the forest laws?
• The villagers were restricted to access the forests.
• Now wood could cut only for making river boats or constructing houses only under close supervision.
• Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood or traveling into the forests.
• In 1882, 280,000 sleepers were exported from Java alone.
• The Dutch imposed rents on the land cultivated in forest
Samin’s challenge
Q1.How did Samin protest against the Dutch?
• In 1890 Surontiko samin of Randublatung village (teak forest) protested.
• He argued that the state has no right to own wind, water, earth and wood.
• The movement soon wide spread.
• His son-in-law organized it.
• Some Suminists protested by lying on the land when the Saminists came to survey it.
• Others refused to pay taxes.
War and deforestation
Q1. How did the wars lead to deforestation ?
• The forests were cut to meet the war needs
• Dutch practiced the scorched earth policy when Japan occupied the region.
• They burnt sawmills, piles of giant teak logs.
• Japanese exploited the forests recklessly for their own industries.
• Thus Java forests were cut down and cleared.
New Developments in Forestry
Q1. How were the forests of Mizoram and Kerala protected?
• The forests of Mizoram and Kerala were protected because of the people who protected them as sacred groves.
• They called them as Sarnas, devarakudu, Kan, rai etc..
• Some villagers use to patrol their forests.

LESSON-7, THE STORY OF CRICKET

Qus.1 How old is the game of cricket?
Ans. 1 It was played 500 yrs. Ago in England.

Qus. 2 What does the word Bat means?
Ans. 2 The word bat is an English word that simply means stick or club.

Qus. 3 When did the people play the game?
Ans. 3 The people played the game on Sunday.

Qus. 4 What was the shape of the bat in early times?
Ans. 4 i. The shape of the bat in the early times was like a hockey stick.
ii. This was because the ball was bowled under arm along the ground & the curve at the end of the bat gave the batsman the best chance of making contact.

Qus.5 Give the peculiarities of test cricket?
Ans.5 i. The match can go on for 5 days & still end in a draw.
ii. The length of the pitch is specified-22 yards-but the size or shape of the ground is not.

Qus. 6 Which ground is oval, circular in shape?
Ans. 6 Oval – Adelaide
Circular – Chepauk in Chennai.

Qus. 7 A six at the Melbourne cricket ground needs to clear much more ground than a lofted shot at which ground?
Ans. 7 Feroz Shah Kotla in delhi.

Qus. 8 When was the 1st laws of cricket drawn?
Ans. 8 The 1st written laws of cricket were drawn up in 1744.

Qus. 9 Write some of the earlier rules of cricket?
Ans. 9 i. There shall be two umpire who would decide all disputes.
ii. The stumps must be 22 inches high & the bail across them 6 inches.
iii. The ball must weigh between 5 & 6 ounces.

Qus. 10 When & where was the world’s 1st cricket club formed?
Ans. 10 The world’s 1st cricket club was formed in Hambledon in 1760’s & the MCC was founded in 1787.

Qus. 11 What were the changed rules of cricket between 1760’s- 1770’s?
Ans. 11 i. It became common to pitch the ball through the air rather than roll it along the ground.
ii. It also opened new possibilities for spin & swing.
iii. The replacement of the curved bat with the straight one.
iv. The weight of the ball was between 51/2 to 53/4 ounces & the width of the bat to 4 inches.
v. The width of the bat was limited to four inches.
vi In 1774 the first leg before law was published along with this a third stump was introduced.
vii. By 1780 the length of a test match was fixed to three days.
viii. The exact circumference of the ball was specified and protective equipment like pads and gloves became available.
ix. Helmets made out of materials and synthetic light weight materials were introduced.


Qus. 12 With what materials the cricket Bat & Ball is made?
Ans. 12 The bat is made of wood & the ball is made with leather, twine & cork.

Qus. 13 With which bat did Denis Lillee try to play an innings?
Ans. 13 Denis Lillee tried to play an innings with an aluminium bat.

Qus. 14 What are the new technological changes that took place in protective equipments?
Ans. 14 i. The invention of vulcanized rubber led to the introduction of pads in 1848 & protective gloves.
ii. Helmets made out of metal & synthetic material.

Qus. 15 Who were Amateurs?
Ans. 15 i. The rich who could afford to play cricket for pleasure were called amateurs.They considered sports a kind of leisure.
ii. There was not enough money in the game so the rich played for pleasure.

Qus. 16 Who were professionals & how were their wages paid?
Ans. 16 i. The poor who played cricket for a living were called professionals.
ii. Their wages were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money
iii. The game was seasonal & did not offer employment through out the year.

Qus. 17 What were the Amateurs & Professionals called as?
Ans. 17 The amateurs were called Gentle men while professionals were called as players.

Qus. 18 Why is cricket called as a Batsman’s game?
Ans. 18 i. Its rules were made in favour of gentle men who mostly did batting.
ii. The captain of a cricket team was a batsman because the captain’s were always amateurs.

Qus. 19 When was the English Test Team led by a professional?
Ans. 19 The English test team was led by a professional in 1930’s the captain was Len Hutton.

Qus. 20 “ Battle of Water loo was won on the playing fields of Eton “ Explain.
Ans. 20 This means that Britain’s military success was based on the values taught to school boys in its public schools.Eton was the most famous of these schools.

Qus. 21 What were the boys in English school taught?
Ans. 21 i. The English boarding school was the institution that trained English boys for career in the military, the civil service & the church.
ii. These schools taught team sports like cricket & rugby not just as game but for teaching discipline, the codes of honour & the leadership qualities.

Qus. 22 Who was Thomas Arnold?
Ans. 22 He was the head master of the famous Rugby school & founder of the modern public school system.

Qus. 23 What did the English ruling class believe regarding the superior character & the reason for winning the Napoleonic wars?
Ans. 23 The English ruling class believed that the Napoleonic wars were won because it was the superior characters of its young men, built in boarding schools playing gentlemanly games like cricket.

Qus. 24 What type of exercises were recommended for girls by Dorothea Beale, principal of Cheltenham Ladies College?
Ans. 24 i. The girls should not be engaged in sports & vigorous exercises but instead walking & skipping would be better.
ii. The girls were not allowed to play games instead they were asked to take interest
in Botany & Geology.

Qus. 25 In which colonial countries playing cricket was regarded as a sign of superior social & racial status?
Ans. 25 South Africa, Zimbabwe, Australia,New Zeland, West Indies & Kenya.

Qus. 26 Who were Mulattos?
Ans. 26 People of mixed European & African descent.

Qus. 27 When did west indies win its 1st test series & against whom?
Ans. 27 West Indies won its 1st test series against England in 1950.

Qus. 28 What were the two ironies of this great victory?
Ans. 28 i. The West Indian team was captained by a white player.
ii. The West Indies cricket team represented not one nation but many dominions.

Qus. 29 How were the teams in India organized during the colonial rule?
Ans. 29 Cricket in India was organized on the principle of race & religion.

Qus. 30 When was the 1st cricket club in India established & what was its name?
Ans. 30 The 1st Indian club was the Calcutta cricket club which was established in 1792.

Qus. 31 Who were the 1st community to play cricket in India?
Ans. 31 The Parsis were the 1st, they founded the 1st Indian cricket club called as the Oriental cricket club in Bombay in 1848.Parsi clubs were funded & sponsored by parsi business men like the Tata’s & the Wadias.

Qus. 32 Why was there a quarrel between the Bombay Gymkhana & Parsi cricketers?
Ans. 32 i. The quarrel was over the use of a public park.The parsis complaint that the park was unfit for cricket because the polo ponies of the Bombay gymkhana dug up the surface.

Qus. 33 Name the gymkhana founded by the hindus & the muslims?
Ans. 33 The hindus founded the hindu gymkhana & muslims the islam gymkhana.

Qus. 34 What was the Quadrangular Tournament?
Ans. 34 i. The 1st class cricket was organized on communal & racial lines.
ii. The tournament did not represent regions but religious communities.
iii. it was called quadrangular tournament because it was played by 4 teams, the Europeans, the parsis, the hindus & the muslims.
iv. Later on a 5th team was added called as the Rest, the tournament became Pentangular.

Qus. 35 Why did Gandhiji condemn the pentangular?
Ans. 35 Gandhiji condemned the pentangular as it was dividing the Indian communities.At the time when nationalist were trying to unite india’s diverse population.

Qus. 36 what is the National cricket championship today called as?
Ans. 36 The national cricket championship is today called as the Ranji Tophy.

Qus. 37 Who was india’s 1st test captain?
Ans. 37 C.K. Nayudu.

Qus. 38 When did india enter the world test cricket?
Ans. 38 1932

Qus. 39 why was South African team banned from playing cricket?
Ans. 39 South Africa was a racist state which followed a policy of racial discrimination thus the team was banned.

Qus. 40 Where is the ICC head quarters today?
Ans. 40 The ICC head quarters today is at Dubai.Its earlier head quarters was at London.

Qus. 41 Who was Kerry Packer & how did he change the game of cricket?
Ans. 41 i. He was an Australian T.V tycearn tyoon who wanted to earn money through cricket.
ii. He signed 51 leading cricketers from the world.
iii. He started the world series cricket.
iv. Coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights became a part of his game.
v. T.V channels made money by selling television spots to companies who were ready to pay huge money.

Qus. 42 How did T.V coverage change cricket?
Ans. 42 i. It expended the audience for the game which was shown into small towns & villages.
ii. Children who never had the chance to watch international cricket could now watch & learn by imitating their heroes.
iii. The technology of satellite television created a global market for cricket.

Qus. 43 Name any 2 new innovation in cricket technique developed by Pakistan in bowling & explain each?
Ans. 43 i. Doosra & reverse swing.
ii. Both skills were developed in response to sub continental conditions- the doosra to counter aggressive batsman with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make fingers pin outdated & reverse swing to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive wickets.

Qus. 44 Name the game which was introduced in india?
Ans. 44 Polo.

Qus.45. Explain why cricket became popular in India and West Indias. Can you give reason why it did not become popular in countries in South Africa.
Ans.45. Cricket took root only in countries that the British conquered and ruled. In the colonies, cricket was established as a popular sport either by white settlers (west Indies) or by local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters as in India
British Imperial officials made efforts to spread this game only where the subject of empire were mainly non white such as in India and West Indies.. Here playing cricket became a sign of superior social and racial status and the Afro – Caribbean population was discouraged from participating in organized club cricket which remained dominated by white plantation owners and their servants. This is the reason that cricket did not became popular in Countries in South America.
Qus. 46. What is the role of Kerry Packer in changing the nature of Cricket?
Ans. 46. kerry Packer, an Australian television tycoon, who saw the money making potential of cricket as a televised sport signed up 51 of the world’s leading cricketers and staged unofficial test and one- day international under the name of “world’s leading cricketers and staged unofficial test and one – day international under the name of “world series cricket”. His innovations during these two years to make cricket more attractive to television audiences endured and changed the nature of the game. Coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights, became a standard part of the post Pecker game, crucially, packer drove the lesson that cricket was a marketable game, which can generate huge revenues.

Chapter – 5
PASTORALISTS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Qus. 1 Who are nomads?
Ans. 1 They are people who don’t live in one place but move from one area to another to earn there living.

Qus. 2 What are Bugyals?
Ans. 2 Bugyals are vast natural pastures on the high mountains.They are under snow in the winter and come to life after April.

Qus. 3 Discribe the life of the nomads in jammu & Kashmir.
Ans. 3 (I) The pastoral nomads of jammu Kashmir are the Gujjar Bakarwals.They ar herders of goat & sheep.
(2) In winter, they move to the low hills of the siwalik as the high mountains are covered with snow.
(3) By the end of April they start moving towards the north.
(4) They move together & form a kafila.

Qus. 4 Who are Gaddi shepherds?
Ans. 4 (1) They belong to himachal Pradesh & follow a cycle of seasonal movements.
(2) They spend there winter in the low hills siwalik & move north in the month of April.
(3) They spent the summer in Lahul & Spiti.

Qus. 5 What are Bhabar?
Ans. 5 A dry forested area below the foothills of Garhwal & Kumaun.

Qus. 6 Name the pastoral communities of the Himalayas?
Ans. 6 The pastoral communities of the Himalayas are Bhotiyas, Sherpas & Kinnauris.

Qus. 7 Write few sentences on the life of the pastoralists on the plateaus, plains & desters of india?
Ans. 7 Plateaus – Maharashtra (1) Dhangars are an important pastoral community of Maharashtra.
(2) Most of them were shepherds, blanket weavers & buffalo herders.
(3) They stay in the central plateau during the monsoon.as this area becomes a grazing ground for the cattle.
(4) By October they harvest their bajra & move west.They reach the konkan.

Plateaus – Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh (1) The pastoral communities includes Gollas, the kurumas & kurubas who reared cattle sheep, goats & sold blankets.
(2) They lived near the forests, cultivated small piece of land.
(3) In the dry season they move to the costal areas & leave when the rain comes.

Plains – (1) Banjaras are the group of pasrolist.
(2) They are found in the villages of uttarpradesh, Punjab, rajasthan, Madhya pradesh & Maharashtra.
(3) They move long distances in search of good pastures for their cattle & sold some goods to villagers in exchange for grain & fodder.

Deserts – (1) Raikas live in rajasthan they do cultivation & pastoralism.
(2) The raikas of Barmer, jaisalmer, jodhpur & Bikaner live in their home villages where pastures is available.
(3) By oct. they move out in search of pasture & water.
(4) The maru raikas heard camel.

Qus. 8 How did the colonial rule affect the life of pastoralists?
Ans. 8 (1) Grazing lands were taken away & turned into cultivated fields.
(2) The reservation of forests restricted the shepherds & cattle herders to move freely in the forests.
(3) As the pasture land disappeared the animals had to be fed on whatever grazing land remained.
(4) This resulted in intensive grazing & the quality of pastures declined.
(5) A large number of cattle died during famines.

Qus. 9 How did the pastoralists change during the colonial rule?
Ans. 9 (1) The grazing lands were transformed into cultivated farms.
(2) This would bring more land revenue.
(3) Cultivation of jute, cotton & wheat was increased.
(4) The colonial officials considered these pastures as waste land.
(5) The forests acts restricted the pastoralists into the forests.as there movements would destroy the saplings & young shoots of tees.
(6) They needed a permit for entry which was for a specified number of days.
(7) If they over stayed the had to pay fines.

Qus. 10 Why were the British officials suspicious of nomadic people?
Ans. 10 The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population they wanted the people to live in fixed places. such a population was easy to identify & control.These nomads were called as criminals. In 1871 the government passed the Criminal Tribes Act according to which the crafts men, traders & pastoralists were called as criminal tribes.These communities were expected to live in a particular village & were not allowed to move out without a permit.

Qus. 11 “ The colonial government wanted to expand its revenue income by every possible source” justify the statement.
Ans. 11 (1) The colonial government imposed tax on land, canal water, salt, trade goods & animals.
(2) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed.

Qus. 12 How was the tax collected by the officials?
Ans. 12 (1) Between the 1850’s & 1880’s the right to collect the tax was auctioned to contractors.
(2) The contractors tried to take as high a tax as they had to pay the state & earn profit.
(3) By the 1880’s the government started collecting taxes directly.The pastoralists were given a pass & when they entered the grazing grounds they showed the pass & paid the taxes.

Qus. 13 How did the pastoralists cope with these changes?
Ans. 13 The pastoralists reacted to these changes in a variety of ways:-
(1) Some of them decreased the number of cattles as there was not enough pasture to feed large numbers.
(2) Some discovered new pastures.
(3) The raikas could no longer into sindh as the country was divided in 1947.
(4) Rich pastoralists started purchasing land & settled down, they cultivated land.
(5) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from money lenders & became labourers.

Qus. 14 Name the pastoral communities of Africa?
Ans. 14 Bedouins, berbers, maasai, Somali, boran & turkana.

Qus. 15 Where do most of these live?
Ans. 15 Most of them live in the semi-erid grass lands or erid deserts where agriculture is difficult.they raise cattle, camles, goats, sheep & donkeys & they sell milk, meat, animal skin & wool.some of them earn through trade & transport.

Qus. 16 Where do the masai cattle herders live?
Ans. 16 They live in southern Kenya & in Tanzania.

Qus. 17 What problems did the masais face?
Ans. 17 (1) They faced continous loss of their grazing land.
(2) They had to stay in small areas of south Kenya & north Tanzania.
(3) The masai lost about 60% of their lands.
(4) The british government encouraged cultivation & pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields.
(5) Large areas of grazing land were turned into game reserves like the Masai Mara & Samburu national park in Kenya & Serengeti Park in Tanzania.

Qus. 18 “ From the late 19th century the colonial government imposed restrictions on the movements of the African pastoralists” Explain.
Ans. 18 (1) The pastoral groups were forced to live within the reserved bounderies.
(2) They were not allowed to move without permit which they got with difficulty.
(3) They were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas & could not participate in any trade.

Qus. 19 How did droughts affect the life of pastoralists?
Ans. 19 (1) When rains fail pastures dry, cattle starve unless they are moved to green areas.
(2) The masai were asked to live in a fixed area & could not move their cattle to places where pastures were available.
(3) Large number of cattle died of starvation & disease in the years of drought.

Qus. 20 How was the masai society divided?
Ans. 20(1) The masai society into two social groups – Elders & warriors.
(2) The elders were the ruling group who met in the councel & settled disputes.
(3) The warriors were the younger people who were responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(4) They organized cattle raids.it was important because cattle was wealth.

Qus. 21 Explain the measures introduced by the British to administer the affairs of the masai.
Ans. 21 (1) Chiefs of different sub- groups of masai were appointed who were responsible for the affairs of the tribe.
(2) Restrictions were imposed on raiding & warfare.
(3) The chiefs collected wealth & bought animals, goods & land.
(4) They lended money to poor neighbours.
(5) The chiefs began to live in towns while their wives & children stayed in villages.

Qus. 22 How did the poor pastoralists lead their life?
Ans. 22 (1) Poor pastoralists depended only on their live stock.
(2) In times of war & famine they lost every thing they had.
(3) They went to towns in search of work some of them lived as charcoal burners & others did odd jobs.
(4) Some of them got regular work in road or construction work.

Qus. 23. Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following Laws. In each case, explain how the law changes the lives of Pastoralists.
Ans 23. Waste land Rules: In the mid nineteenth century, waste land rules were enacted in various parts of the country. Under these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and individuals were given concessions. This declined the pasture lands.

Forests Acts: Forest Acts were passed in Mid nineteenth century. Under these acts the forests which were the pastures earlier now declared as reserved and grazing was prohibited. This minimized the grazing lands. Some forests were turned into commercial forests and trees like deodar or sal were grown.

Criminal Tribes Act: The nomadics who did not settle in one place were considered to be criminals. Their movement created confusion and suspicion in the minds of the colonial rulers. In 1871, the colonial government in India passed Criminal Tribes Act. Police kept a strict watch on the craftsmen, traders and pastoralists.

Grazing Tax: pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. This was introduced in the mid nineteenth century. The pastoralists were given a pass. To enter a grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the pass and pay the tax. The number of cattle heads he had and the amount of tax he paid was entered on the pass.

Qus 24. What were the reason for a huge decline in Pastoral Activities.
Ans: The reason for a huge decline in Pastoral activities are-
1. When grazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, the available area of the pasture land declined.
2. The reservation of forests meant the shepherds and cattle herders could no longer freely pasture their cattle in the forests.
3. When restrictions were imposed on Pastoral movements, grazing lands came to be continuously used and the quality of Pasture declined.
Qus 25. How did the Pastoralists cope with these changes?
Ans 25. 1. Some reduced the number of cattle in their herds, since there was not enough pasture to feed large numbers.
2. Others discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult the camel and sheep herding Railkas, for instance, could no longer move into Sindh and graze their camels on the banks of the Indus.
3.In recent years they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut.

Sunday 11 September 2011

SA 1 M.C.Q Worksheet Class VII

Tick the correct option given below :                                                                                  (Marks 30)

Ques 1 Rana Sanga was the ruler of
                a) Chittor               b) Jaisalmer          c) Udaipur             d) Ranthambore
Ques 2  __________ makes saturated air unsaturated
                a. cooling                                                               b. heating
                c. clearing                                                              d. warming
Ques 3  The process by which water changes from liquid form to gas is called ____________
                a. evaporation                                                      b. condensation
                c. freezing                                                              d. precipitation
Ques 4 The Alai Darwaza was built by
                a) Ala-ud-din Khalji            b) Qutub-ud-din                   c)Jahangir             d) Akbar
Ques 5 Shah Jahan shifted his capital to
                a) Delhi                  b) Agra                   c) Jaipur                 d) Panipat
Ques 6 The Temple of Lingaraja is situated at
                a) Assam               b) Tripura              c) Bengal               d) Bhubneshwar
Ques 7 The minimum strength of a Vidhan Parishad is _____
                a) 50                       b) 40                       c) 20                       d) 60
Ques 8 The Upper house in the State Legislature is known as the
                a) Vidhan Parishad             b) Vidhan Sabha c) Rajya Sabha    d) Lok Sabha
Ques 9 Evaporation takes place more quickly in the _____
                a) Higher latitudes               b) Lower latitudes                c) all over the land area      d) hilly area
Ques 10 In a Fahrenheit thermometer the freezing point is
                a) 32 degree          b) 212  degree       c) 56 degree          d) both a and b
Ques 11 At the sea level the normal pressure is
                a) 34 cm                                b) 75 cm                                c) 110 cm              d) 39 cm
Ques 12 A self registering wind speed mesuring instument used in meteorological observatories
                a) Anemograph    b) Barograph        c) Barometer        d) Rain Gauge
Ques 13 The whites set up an oppresive system of discrimination against Blacks known as
                a) Civil Rights system         b) Apartheid         c) Non Cooperation            d) Both a and b
Ques 14 Babur wrote
                a. Tuzuki Babri                                    b. Tarik – I – Hind
                c. Tuzuki Jahangiri                                              d. Ain –e- Akbari
Ques 15 Frost occurs when the dew point is
                a. below boiling point                                          b. below freezing point
                c. above freezing point                       d. none of the above
Ques 16 The chief executive authority of a state rests with the
                a) Speaker             b) President           c) Governor           d) Vice President
Ques 17 The temperature at which air is fully saturated is known as
                a) Freezing point  b) Dew point         c) Boiling point     d) Both a and c
Ques 18 Rain caused by the rising current of air is known as ____ rainfall
                a) Cyclonic rainfall             b) Convectional rainfall     c) Relief rainfall   d) hailstorms
Ques 19. The peacock throne was taken away from India by
                a. Nadir Shah                                                       b. Taimur
                c. Chengez Khan                                 d. Mohmd. Gazni
Ques 20 The second battle of Panipat was fought between
                a. Hemu and Bairam Khan                               b. Hemu and Humayun
                c. Rana Sanga and Akbar                 d. Bairam khan and Akbar
Ques 21 “Untouchability” is fully abolished in ____________ article of constitution .
                a) Article 17          b) Article 22          c) Article 31          d) Article 27

Ques 22 He started Aligarh movement to reform the Muslim society .
                a) Swami Dayanand  b) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan   c) B.R Ambedkar   d) Agha Khan

Ques 23 Ain – I- Akbari consists of ___ volumes
                a) Three                 b) Two                   c) Four                   d) Five
Ques 24 Pay Master General and incharge of the military oraganisation
                a) Bakshi               b) Wazir                 c) Qazi                   d) Abul Fazal
Ques 25  Mercury in the barometer falls _____ centimeter for ever metres of ascent
                a. (i) 3  (ii) 210                                      b. (i) 1   (ii) 110    
                c. (i) 1  (ii) 210                                      d. (i) 4   (ii) 210
Ques 26 Winds blow from areas of _____ pressure to areas of pressure.
                a. {i) high (ii) low                                  b. (i) low (ii) high
                c. (i) low (ii) low                                    d. (i) high (ii) high
Ques 27. Wind measuring instrument is called
                a. thermometer                                    b. barometer
                c. wind vane                                        d. rain gauge
Ques 28. Which of the following leaders established the Satyshodhak Samaj?
                a. B.R. Ambedkar                              b. Jyotiro Phule             
                c.  Rajaj Rammohan Roy                 d. None of these
Ques 29 Who founded the Arya Samaj?
                a. Vivekanand                                     b. Dayanand Saraswati
                c. Sarojini Naidu                                  d. Jyoitiba Phule   
Ques 30 Which party led the struggle against Apartheid in South Africa?
                a. ANC                                                   c. Indian National Congress             
            c. African National Army                      d. African People’s Party

Sunday 4 September 2011

SA 1 syllabus - social science - 9th and 10th

STANDARD IX
SUMMATIVE ASSEMENT – 1
SOCIAL SCIENCE - SYLLABUS

HISTORY:
UNIT 1 (HISTORY ) India and the Contemporary World - I

Section 1 : Events and Processes

1. The French Revolution (Chapter 1) Compulsory
2. Russian Revolution (Chapter 2)
                      OR
3. Rise of Nazism (Chapter 3)

GEOGRAPHY
UNIT 2: India-Land and the People

1 India (Chapter 1. Location – Size of India  and 2.  Physical features of India)
2 Drainage (Chapter 3)

POLITICAL SCIENCE
UNIT 3: Democratic Politics - I

1. Democracy in the contemporary world (Chapter 1)
2.  What is Democracy? Why Democracy? (Chapter 2)
3.  Designing of democracy in India (Chapter 3) (Constitutional design)

ECONOMICS
UNIT 4 : Understanding Economic Development - I

1 The economic Story of Palampur (Chapter 1)
2 People as Resource (Chapter 2)


STANDARD X
SUMMATIVE ASSEMENT – 1
SOCIAL SCIENCE - SYLLABUS

UNIT 1 - HISTORY : India and the Contemporary World II

Sub-Unit 1.2 Economies and Livelihood
(ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)
4 Industrialization 1850s-1950s (Chapter 4)
5 Urbanization and Urban lives (Chapter 5)
6 Work life and measure (Chapter 6)

Sub-Unit 1.3 Culture, identity and Society
(ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWIG )
7 Print culture and nationalization (Chapter 7)
8 History of the Novel (Chapter 8)

UNIT 2 - GEOGRAPHY : India-Land and People

1. Natural Resources (Chapter 1)
2. Forest and Wildife Resources (Chapter 2)
3. Water Resources (Chapter 3)
4. Agriculture (Chapter 4)

UNIT 3 - POLITICAL SCIENCE : DEMOCRATIC POLITICS II

1 Power sharing mechanism in Democracy(Chapter 1 and 2)
2 Working of Democracy (Chapter 3 and 4)

UNIT 4 - ECONOMICS : UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - II
1 The story of Development (Chapter 1)
2 The role of Service Sector in Indian Economy (Chapter 2)


list of maps for X std - SA - 1

Standard X    Social science sample paper – CBSE
                                               Term 1
List of Map Items for Examination
GEOGRAPHY
For Identification/Location and labelling on the Outline Political Map of India
Chapter 1 : Resources and Development
Identification only : Major soil types.

Chapter 2 : Forest and Wildlife Resources
(i) Identification only : Major areas of permanent, reserved and protected forests.
(ii) Locating and labelling only : Corbett National Park (Uttaranchal); Sunderban National
Park (N.P.)(W. Bengal); Bandhavgarh N.P. (M.P.); Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary (Rajasthan);
Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam) and Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala)

Chapter 3 : Water Resources
Locating and Labelling ; Dams: (1) Salal; (2) Bhakra Nangal; (3) Tehri; (4) Rana Pratap
Sagar; (5) Sardar Sarovar; (6) Hirakud; (7) Nagarjuna Sagar; (8) Tungabhadra.

Chapter 4: Agriculture
Identification and also for locating and labelling :
(a) Major areas of rice and wheat.
(b) Major producer states of sugarcane; tea; coffee; rubber; cotton jute; millets and maize.

List of Maps for IX std - SA -1

Standard IX                 Social science  Sample paper 2011
           TERM-I
List of Map Items
(For Identification and Locating and labelling on the political outline map of India)
CHAPTER 1: India - Size & Location
For locating and labelling : Tropic of Cancer, Standard Meridian of India, Southern most point of India, Southern most point of mainland of India, Northern most point of India, Eastern most meridian of India, Western most Meridian of India. Palk strait, Gulf of mannar, Neighbouring countries of India.

CHAPTER 2 : Physical Features of India
(a) For locating & labelling
(i) Mt. peaks : K2, Kanchenjunga, Nanda Devi, Anai Mudi and Nanga Parbat
(ii) Passes : Bomdi-La and Shipkila.
(iii) Hills : Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Naga Hills, Mizo Hills and Nilgiri
(b) For identification :
(i) Mountain ranges : The Karakoram, Zaskar, Shivaliks, Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura,
Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats,
(ii) Plateaus : Deccan plateau, Chotanagpur plateau and Malwa plateau.
(iii) Coastal strips : Coromandel, Northern Circar, Malabar and Konkan.

Chapter 3 : Drainage
(a) For Locating & labelling :
(i) Lakes : Chilka, Pulicat, Kolleru, Vembanad and Sambhar.
(b) For identification :
(i) Rivers : Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Satluj, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
The map question will consist of
(1) Two items for identificaton.
and
(2) Two items for locating and labelling to be marked in the same map
Note : Items for locating and labelling may also be asked for identification.



CBSE sample paper - X standard SA - 1

Social Science
Sample question paper
Summative Assessment I
(October-2010)
Class X                                                  Time: 3hours M.M.: 80
General Instructions :
1. The question paper has 36 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. This question paper consist of two parts i.e. Part I and Part II. Part I of the question paper contains Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from serial Number 1 to 16 of 1 mark each. These sixteen questions of Part I are to be answered on a separate sheet provided. This part has to be completed in first 30 minutes only and the answer sheet must be handed over to the
invigilator before starting Part II.
4. In Part II, there are twenty questions from serial no. 17 to 36 which are to be attempted in 2 hours and 30 minutes. This part should be attempted the stipulated only after time given for Part I.
5. Questions from serial number 17 to 31 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each
6. Questions from serial number 32 to 35 are 4 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 100 words each
7. Question number 36 is a map question of 4 marks from Geography only. After completion, attach the map inside your answer book.

Part I
1. In which one of the following years Great Depression occurred in the world?
(a) 1929-30                                                                (b) 1935-36
(c) 1939-40                                                                (d) 1941-42
OR
Who, among the following, improved the steam engine produced by New common?
(a) Mathew Boulto                                                     (b) James Walt
(c) Henry Ford                                                           (d) Grahm Bell 1
OR
Which one of the following is correct about the Annual London Season?
(a) It was meant for wealthy Britishers only.
(b) Organised for an elite group of 300-400 families.
(c) Several cultural events were organised.
(d) All the above 1

2. Which one of the following groups of the countries was known as the 'Central powers' in Europe?
(a) Germany, Russia & France
(b) Russia, Germany & Britain
(c) Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman-Turkey
(d) None of the above
OR
Which of the following group of industries was the dynamic industries of England during its earliest phase of industrialization?
(a) Cotton and metals
(b) Cotton and silk
(c) Silk and footwears
(d) Footwear and glass 1
                                                               OR
After reclamation how many islands were joined together to develop the city of Bombay (Mumbai)?
(a) Seven                                                                               (b) Five
(c) Three                                                                                 (d) Ten
3. Who among the following developed the first known printing press in the 1430s?
(a) Johann Gutenburg (b) James Watt
(c) New Common (d) Marconi
OR
Who among the following is the author of the novel 'Hard Times'?
(a) Leo Tolstoy                                                          (b) Thomas Hardy
(c) Charles Dickens                                                  (d) Samuel Richardson 1

4. The first printing press came to India with which one of the following?
(a) Portuguese Missionaries                                   (b) Catholic Priests
(c) Dutch protestants                                                (d) East India Company 1
OR

Who among the following is the author of the novel 'Pariksha Guru'?
(a) Prem Chand                                                        (b) Srinivas Das
(c) Devki Nandan Khatri                                           (d) Chandu Menon 1

5. Which one of the following soil types is the most widely spread and important soil in India.
(a) Laterite soils                                                        (b) Black soils
(c) Alluvial soils                                                          (d) Red and yellow soils 1

6. In which one of the following states, Corbett National Park is located?
(a) Assam                                                                  (b) Madhya pradesh
(c) Rajasthan                                                             (d) Uttarakhand 1

7. On which one of the following rivers Sardar Sarovar Dam is built?
(a) River Kaveri                                                         (b) River Krishna
(c) River Narmada                                                    (d) River Satluj 1

8. In which one of the following crops, India is the leading producer and exporter in the world?
(a) Jute                                                                       (b) Tea
(c) Coffee                                                                   (d) Rubber 1

9. Which of the following minority communities is relatively rich and powerful in Belgium?
(a) French                                                                  (b) Dutch
(c) German                                                                 (d) English 1

10. What is the %age of Sinhala speaking in Srilanka? Choose the correct option from the following:
(a) 58                                                                          (b) 74
(c) 65                                                                          (d) 82 1

11. Which one of the following countries fall in the category of 'coming together federation'?
(a) India                                                                      (b) US
(c) Spain                                                                    (d) Belgium 1

12. Which one of the following does not come under the purview of 'family laws'?
(a) Matters related to marriage                               (b) Matters related to divorce
(c) Matters related to adoption                                (d) Matters related to robbery 1

13. Among the following criteria which one is the basis to measure the development of a country according to the World Bank
(a) Per Capita income                                              (b) Literacy Rate
(c) Gross Enrolment ratio                                         (d) Life expectancy 1

14. Which one among the following is a development goal common to all?
(a) Freedom                          (b) Equal opportunities
(c) Security and respect       (d) High levels of income and better quality of life 1

15. Which one of the following occupation is not associated with primary sector
(a) Basket weaver                                                     (b) Gardener
(c) Potter                                                                    (d) Priest 1

16. Which one among the following is the most appropriate meaning of Underemployment?
(a) Workers are not paid for their work
(b) Workers are working less than what they are capable of doing
(c) Workers are working in a lazy manner
(d) Workders do not want to work 1

17. Explain the impact of Great depression of 1929 on the Indian economy giving three  points.                                                                                          3x1=3
OR
Explain any three problems faced by the cotton weavers in India during mid 19th century.                                                                                                       3x1=3
OR
Explain any three reasons for the expansion of Bombay's (Mumbai's) population in mid 18th century.                                                                     3x1=3

18. "Access to books created a new culture of reading." Support the statement giving three examples".                                                               3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of women writers on the writing of novels in India.                                                                                                                                        3x1=3
19. Explain how Martin Luther spoke in praise of print. 3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of Prem Chand in the field of novel writing. 3x1=3
20. Explain giving three points how did the print culture develop in India?
                                                                                                                     3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of Rokeya Hossein in the field of education and literature.                                                                                                             3x1=3

21. What is resource planning? Why is the planning of resource essential? Explain any two reasons.                                                                                             1+2=3

22. Why do we need to conserve our forests and wildlife resources? Explain any three reasons.
                                                                                                                       3x1=3

23. Why is the scarcity of water increasing day by day in India? Explain any three reasons.
                                                                                                                       3x1=3
24. Mention any three provisions of the Act which was passed in Sri Lanka in 1950 to establish Sinhala supermacy                                                            3x1=3

25. Explain overlapping and cross cutting social differences.                 1½+1½=3

26. Explain any three factors that determine the outcome of politics of social division.                                                                                                                  3

27. State any three facts to show that the women face disadvantage and discrimination in our patriarch society.                                                                   3

28. Explain any three different bases of comparison of economic development of different nations / states.                                                                                3x1=3

29. Describe any three public facilities needed for development.                      3x1=3

30. Explain any three types of unemployment found in India.                               3x1=3

31. "Workers are exploited in unorganized sectors in India". Support the statement with suitable
examples.                                                                                                                  3x1=3
32. Explain the effects of coming of rinderpest to Africa during the close of 19th century.                                                                                                                   4x1=4
OR
Explain giving four reasons why did the industrialists of Europe prefer hand labour over machines during the 19th century.                                                  4x1=4
Or
Why did well off Londoners support the need for building houses for the poor in 19th century?  Explain in four points.                                                                         4x1=4
33. What is the main contribution of agriculture to the national economy? Explain any three steps  taken by the Government of India to modernize agriculture.
                                                                                                                                    1+3=4
34. Explain any four features of federalism.                                                           4x1=4

35. How can more employment be created in rural areas? Explain with the help of four suitable examples.                                                                                                 4x1=4
36. Three features with serial number 1 to 3 are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and their correct names on the lines marked in the Map.   3x1=3
1. Soil type
2. Tiger Reserve
3. The leading coffee producing state
OR
Locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols on the same Map.
1. Hirakud Dam
2. Sunderbans national park
3. The largest producing state of Bajra

Note : The following question is for the Visual impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Q.No. 36
36.1 What is the colour of the arid soils
36.2 Name the Tiger Reserve of Kerala.
36.3 In which state 'Bhairodev Dakar Sonchuri' is developed for protecting the wildlife?                                                                                                          3x1=3




Social Science
Marking Scheme
Class X
Part I
1. (a) or (b) or (d)2. (c) or (a) or (a)3. (a) or (c)4. (a) or (b)5. (c) 6. (d)7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (a) 10. (b)11. (b) 12. (d)13. (a) 14. (d)15. (d) 16. (b)

Part II
17. i. The depression affected Indian trade.
ii. Indian imports as well as exports almost halved between 1928 and 1934.
iii. As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged.
iv. Wheat prices fell by 50%
v. Although agricultural prices fell sharply yet the colonial govt. refused to reduce revenue  demands.
vi. The prices of raw jute also crashed to about 60%.
vii. The peasants were under heavy indebtedness.
viii. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.                                                                            3x1=3
OR
i. The export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
ii. Imported cotton goods were cheaper and Indian weavers could not compete with them.
iii. Procuring raw cotton of good quality was very difficult because the prices were very high.
iv. The market was flooded with machine made goods.
v. Any other relevant point.
Any three points.                                                                                           3x1=3
OR
i. Bombay (Mumbai) developed into the biggest sea port along the Arabian sea coast.
ii. It became the capital of Bombay Presidency.
iii. Large number of cotton textile industries sprang up which attracted lot of labour.
iv. It became the centre of film industry.
v. It provided direct sea link with Europe.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained which attracted population to the city) 3x1=3
 i. Before the printing press the reading of books was restricted to the elites only.
ii. With the printing press a new reading public emerged.
iii. Books reached to the wider section of the public.
iv. With the print the hearing public changed into a reading public.
v. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.                                                                            3x1=3
OR
i. In the earlier stages women began writing stories, poems etc.
ii. In early 20th century, women in South India began writing novels.
iii. Their writings allowed for a new conception of womanhood.
iv. Stories of love showed women who could choose or refuse, their partners and
relationships.
v. Some women authors wrote about the women who changed the world of both men and women.
vi. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3

19. i. Martin Luther wrote 95 theses criticizing many of the practices and ritual of the Roman Catholic Church.
ii. Luther's writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
iii. This led to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
iv. Luther's translation of the New Testament sold 5000 copies within a few weeks.
v. Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, "printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one."
vi. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.                                                                            3x1=3
OR
i. Prem Chand's novels are filled with all kinds of powerful Characters drawn from all levels of society.
ii. The women characters are also strong individuals.
iii. Prem Chand's characters create a community based on democratic values.
iv. Prem Chand's best known work is 'Godan'.
v. It is an epic of Indian peasantry.
vi. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.                                                                            3x1=3

20. i. The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid 16th century.
ii. By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanara languages.
iii. Catholic priests first printed Tamil books in 1579 at Cochin.
iv. In 1713 first Malayalam book was printed.
v. English writing developed much after the coming of English East India Company.
vi. Then Indians began publishing Indian newspapers.
vii. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.                                                                            3x1=3
Or
i. Rokeya Hossein was a social reformer.
ii. She started a school for girls in Calcutta (Kolkata).
iii. She wrote satiric fantasy in English.
iv. It shows the world in which women will take the place of men.
v. Her novel 'Padamarag' shows the need for women to reform their conditions
themselves.
vi. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.                                                                            3x1=3

21. Resource Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
Reasons
1. Resources are unevenly distributed over the country.
2. Some regions are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other
resources.
3. There are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
4. Resources are limited.

5. Resource planning helps in reducing wastage.
6. Resource planning takes care of future generation.
7. Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.                                                                               1+2=3

22. Need to conserve forest and wild life resources :
1. Rapid decline in forests and wildlife population.
2. Conservation maintains the ecological balance
3. Forest depletion accelerates soil erosion.
4. Conservation is needed to protect wildlife because wildlife is threatened by man's intervention.
5. They provide economic benefits.
6. Any other relevant point.
(Any three reasons to be explained)                                                                       3x1=3

23. Reasons of scarcity of water :
1. Rapidly growing population.
2. Rising demand of food and cash crops.
3. Water resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry seasons agriculture.
4. Industrialisation
5. Any other relevant reason.
(Any three reasons to be explained)                                                                       3x1=3

24. a. Sinhala to be the official language of Srilanka
b. Preferential policy of Sinhalese in government educational institutions and jobs
c. To foster Buddhism
d. Any other relevant point                                                                                        3x1=3
Any three points.

25. Social divisions take place when some social difference overlaps with other differences, the difference between blacks and whites become a social division in the US because they tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. If social differences cross cut one another, it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other. Consider the cases of Northern Ireland and the Netherlands. Both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and
Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. If you are Catholic,  you are also likely to be poor and you may have suffered a history of discrimination. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in the Netherlands. Overlapping social  differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.

26. a. First of all, the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular, it becomes difficult to accommodate.
b. Secondly, it depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the  Constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
c. Thirdly, it depends on how the govt. reacts to the demands of different groups. Minorities should also be taken care of with the majority.
27. i. The literacy rate among women is only 54% as compared to 76% among men.
ii. Proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small.
iii. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work but in practice it is not so.
iv. Parents in majority still prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted.
Any three points.                                                                                                       3x1=3

28. Following indicators are generally used for comparison of economic development of different nations / states :
i. Per capita income : It helps in comparison of the level of development of different regions within the country or different nations.
ii. Infant Mortality rate : It refers to deaths among children before the age of one year per thousand children born in a year.
iii. Literacy rate : It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
iv. Life expectancy : Average expected length of life of a person.
v. Gross enrolment ratio : For three levels for primary, secondary and higher
education.
vi. Persons living below poverty line (any three) measuring through income and expenditure method.
Any three points.                                                                                                       3x1=3

29. Public facilities refer to facilities, which a person cannot arrange at individual level, these are provided by government. Following are the main public facilities:
i. Pollution free environment
ii. Good infrastructure like roads, transport etc.
iii. Collective security for the whole locality
iv. Opening schools, colleges and hospitals
v. Taking preventive steps from infectious diseases
vi. Provision for safe drinking water, sanitation facilities etc.
vii. Provision for public distribution system (or any other relevant points)
Any three points to be described.                                                                           3x1=3

30. The three types of unemployment found in India are :
i. Disguised unemployment
ii. Seasonal unemployment
iii. Structural unemployment
iv. Cyclical unemployment
v. Technological unemployment
(Explain any three)                                                                                                    3x1=3

31. i. Workers are paid less wages, there is no job security,
ii. Working conditions are poor.
iii. They have to work for long hours.
They can be protected by making some rules and regulations by the government.                                                                                                                                          3x1=3
32. i. Rinderpest was carried by infected cattle imported by British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.
ii. Rinderpest spread like forest fire.
iii. Within few years it affected the whole of Africa killing 90% of the cattle.
iv. The loss of cattle forced the Africans into the labour market.
v. The scarce resources were under the European colonizers who conquered and subdued Africa
vi. Any other relevant point
Any four points to be explained.                                                                              4x1=4
OR
i. There was no shortage of labour at that period of time.
ii. Installation of machinery required large capital investment which the industrialists did not want to invest.
iii. In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required
iv. Intricate designs and different samples required human skills only.
v. In Victorian age - the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made by hand.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(any four points to the explained)                                                                4x1=4
OR
i. Living in unhygienic slums was very dangerous for the poor.
ii. Slums were also harmful not to the slum dwellers but also to the general public.
iii. In slums there was always fear of fire hazards.
iv. After the Russian revolution of 1917, it was felt that the people who are slum dwellers points)                                                                                          4x1=4

33. Contribution of agriculture
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63 per cent in 2001.
Steps taken by the Government.
1. Indian Council of Agricultural Research established.
2. Agricultural may not rebel.
v. Any other relevant point
(any four Universities are established.
3. Veterinary services are provided.
4. Animal breeding centre are opened.
5. Infrastructure like roads, electricity cold storage etc is being developed.
6. Development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority.
7. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3

34. a. There are two or more levels of government.
b. The jurisdiction of the respective tiers of government are specified in the constitution.
c. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and powers of different levels of government.
d. Sources of revenue of each level of government are specified to ensure its financial autonomy.                                                                                                   4x1=4

35. More employment in rural areas can be created by :
a. Constructing dams, canals or digging wells in villages.
b. Creating storage facilities and providing transport services.
c. Agro based industries can be set up in rural areas or semi belts.
d. Construction of schools.
e. Making provision for education and health service in rural belts can also result in employments.
f. Promoting rural crafts and rural tourism is also an employment generation proposal.