Chapter - 5
FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM
Page – 77
Introduction:
Q1. What are the uses of forests?
• Forests cause rainfall, purifies air, they are the sources of rich resources like timber, medicinal herbs, they contain rich wild life etc..
Q2. What are the products that we get from forests?
Q3. Which leaf is used to make bidis?
Ans: Tendu leaf
Q4. From which seeds do we get oil in chocolates
Ans: Sal seeds.
Q5. How many different species of plants are found in Amazon and western Ghats?
Ans: More than 500.
Q6. Which is the major cause for the disappearance of forests between 1700 and 1995?
Ans: Industrialization
Q7. How much land was cleared for industrialization in the world?
Ans: 13.9 million sq km or 9.3% of world’s total area.
WHY DEFORESTATION? Page – 78 – 82
Q1. What is deforestation?
Q2. What caused a rapid deforestation in India?
Ans: Colonialism and industrialization.
LAND TO BE IMPROVED
Q1. How much land was under cultivation in India in 1600?
Ans: 1/6th of land.
Q2. What caused a rapid decline in forest wealth in India?
Ans:
• As population increased, the demand for food also went up.
• Peasants extended cultivable lands by clearing forests.
• During the colonial rule the British encouraged the farmers to grow commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat cotton.
• The demand for these crops increased in Europe where food grains are needed for their growing urban population.
• They also needed raw materials for their industries.
• In the early 19th century the British thought that the forests are wilderness and have to be cleared for cultivation.
Box 1 page 79
(read the topic from the text book)
Q1. How much land was brought under cultivation between 1880 and 1920?
Ans: 6.7 million hectares.
Q2. How did the white settlers call the empty Australian continent?
Ans: Terra Nullis.
Q3. Who lived in Australia when the whites landed there?
Ans: Aboriginals.
Q4. Who guided them in the continent?
Ans: Aboriginal guides.
Q5. Who plotted their land in Australia?
Ans: Ngarrindjeri people of Australia.
Q6. Who was their first ancestor?
Ans: Ngurunderi.
Q7. How did the aboriginals demarcated their territories?
• They demarcated their territories in 5 environmental zones.
(i) Salt water (ii) riverine tracts (iii) lakes (iv) bush and (v) desert plains.
• These lands satisfied their socio economic needs.
Source A page 79
Q1. How was the idea of increasing the cultivable land justified by the foreigners?
Ans: The colonizers justified the expansion of the cultivable lands as these are the rich resources helping the development of mankind.
Q2. What did the American writer, Richard Harding wrote on the Honduras in central America?
• He called the land and its people unimproved.
• He also said that its local people do not understand its value.
• According to him the Central Americans are like a gang of semi – barbarians in a beautiful furnished house.
Q3. How did the colonizers improve central America?
• The Americans owned United Fruit Company and grew bananas on industrial scale.
• The company acquired power over the government and came to be known as Banana Republic.
Page 80
Q1. How did the British fulfilled their teaming needs of timber? Or What caused the exploration of forest resources in India in 1820s?
• By early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing which were used in building ships in Royal Navy.
• By 1820s search parties were sent to explore Indian forest resources.
• Within a decade trees were filled on massive scale and exported from India.
Q2. Why did the spread of railways created new demand in 1850s?
• Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops.
• To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together.
• By 1860s the railway network expanded and large number of trees were felled.
• Forests around the railway tracks disappeared.
Q3. How many trees were cut in Madras presidency alone by 1850s?
• Ans: 35000 trees.
Source B page 81
Q1. Between where the new Indus valley line was constructed and at what distance in 1923?
Ans: Multan to Sukkur - distance of nearly 300 miles.
Q2. How many sleepers did this project require?
Ans: 600,000 sleepers 10 feet by 10 inches.
Q3. From where did the logs of sleepers come?
Ans: Sindh forests.
Q4. From where did the fuel come?
Tamarisk and Jhand forests fo Sindh and Punjab.
PLANTATIONS page 82
Q1. How did the plantations affect our forest resources?
Ans:
• Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations.
• Plantation crops were grown to meet the growing need of the people of England.
• The colonial government gave the forests at cheaper rates to the planters of tea and coffee.
THE RISE OF COMMERCIAL FORESTRY (page 83)
Q1. Who was appointed as the inspector general of Forests in India?
Ans: A German expert – Dietrich Brandis.
Q2. Who appointed Dietrich Brandis and why?
Ans: The British government appointed Brandis to find the ways to manage forest resources in India.
Q3. Describe or comment on the ways suggest by Inspector Brandis.
Ans: Brandis suggested that
• proper systems had to be introduced to manage forests and people had to be trained in the science conservation.
• Rules about the use of forests have to be framed.
• People must be restricted from felling of trees.
• Any body cutting the trees illegally must be severely punished.
• Brandis set up the Indian Forest Services in 1864 and formulated the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
• The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906 which taught scientific forestry. (now many people like ecologists think that this system is not scientific at all)
Q4. Define scientific forestry.
• In this forestry a lot of different types of naturally grown trees are cut down.
• In place of them uniform trees with straight rows are grown.
• The forest officials surveyed and planned the areas to be cleared and replanted plantation trees.
Q5. Highlight on the Forest Act of 1865.
• Forest Act was amended twice in 1878 and 1927.
• The 1878 the Act divided forests into reserved, protected and village forests.
• Reserved forests were called best forests.
• Villagers cannot take anything from reserved forests.
• People can take wood from protected or village forests.
HOW WERE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AFFECTED page 84 – 85
Q1. Throw light on the 2 different opinions of growing forests between the British foresters and the villagers.
• The foresters wanted trees which could fulfill their demands for the construction of buildings and railways.
• The villagers wanted a forest with mixed species so that they can get fuel, fodder and leaves.
Q2. How did the forests help the villagers in their daily life?
• People used forest products like roots, leaves, fruits and rubbers.
• They collected fruits and tubers from the forests.
• They also got medicinal herbs, wood for plough and bamboos for fences, baskets and umbrellas, scooped out gourd as water bottle.
• Leaves can be stitched together to make plates and cups.
Q3. Which 2 trees were largely planted by the foresters?
Ans: Sal and Teak.
Q4. Which creeper helped to make ropes?
Ans: Siadi (Bauhinia vahlii)
Q5. Name the forest products used to grate vegetables and light lamps.
Ans: Thorny barks of Semur (silk cotton) to grate vegetables.
Mahua fruits – used as cooking oil and light lamps.
Q6. How were the lives of people affected after the Forest Act was passed?
Ans: people faced several hardships in building houses, grazing and collecting fruits, fuels etc..
People were forced to steel wood. If they were caught they were punished and some times they had to give bribes to the guards.
HOW DID FOREST RULES AFFECT CULTIVATION (86-87)
Q1. How did Forest Acts and Rules affect the cultivation?
* The foresters banned the shifting cultivation by the people.
* They feared that the flames may spread and burn their valuable timber.
* As a result many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests.
* Some had to change occupation and some revolted.
Q2. What is shifting agriculture?
• Shifting agriculture is also called slash and burn method.
• After harvest the land is left fallow for 12 to 18 years.
• Crops are grown in new places.
• A mixture of crops are grown on these plots.
Q3. How is the method of shifting cultivation called by different countries ?
South east Asia – Lading, Central America- Milpa, Africa - Chitemene or Tavy,
Srilanka – Chena.
Q4. How is shifting cultivation locally called in India.
Dhya, Penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri.
WHO COULD HUNT? (87)
Q1. How did the people live in forests before forest laws were introduced?
People survived on hunting deer, partridges and a variety of small animals. Especially the royal families like Mughals largely practiced it as a customary.
Q2. How were the people affected by forest laws?
• The people were prohibited and punished for hunting and poaching.
• The forest laws deprived the customary rights of hunting.
Q3. How did the British try to civilize people through hunting?
• British saw large animals as wild and primitive.
• They believed that by killing dangerous animals the British could civilize the people of India.
• They gave rewards for killing tigers, wolves and other large animals.
• Over 80,000 tigers, 1,50,000 leopards and 2,00,000 wolves were killed for reward in 1875 -1925. Maharaja Sarguja alone shot 1,157 tigers and 2000 leopards up to 1957.
• A British administrator killed George Yule killed 400 tigers
• Only later conservatives and environmentalist argued the need to protect animals.
NEW TRADES, NEW EMPLOYMENTS AND NEW SERVICES
Q1. How did the people recover their occupations after the destruction of forests?
• People lost in many ways after the forest came under the control of forest department.
• Some people left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.
• This happened every where in the world.
• For example the Mundurucu people of the Brazilian Amazon who lived in villager and cultivated manioc and began to collect latex.
• They completely depended on traders.
Q2. Write on Indian trade in forest products.
• From medieval period on wards, we have records of adivasi communities trading elephants and other goods like hides, horns, silk, ivory bamboo etc.. through Banjaras (nomadic communities)
Q3. Name a few communities of India who lost their livelihood. How were they treated by the Britishers?
• Many pastoralist and nomadic communities like Korava, Karacha and Yerukula of the madras presidency lost their livelihoods.
• These people were called as criminal tribes and were forced to work in mines, factories and plantations under government supervision.
• In Assam both men and women santhals and oraons from Jharkand were recruited to work on a tea plantation.
• Their wages were low and were not allowed to go home.
SOURCE C (88)
Q1. Describe the condition of Baigas community ?
• Baigas are a forest community in Central India.
• In 1892 they petitioned to the govt as they were stopped from practicing shifting cultivation. (read source from book)
• The people starved out of hunger and the govt did not care about the people and also did not give their rights.
SOURCE D (89) (read from book)
Rubber extraction in the Putumayo
Q1. Where is Putumayo located?
Putumayo is a region located in Amazon.
Q2. How did the Peruvian Rubber Company engage the local people in their plantations of Putumayo and how did they treat them?
- The company extracted rubber from the land. They recruited the local Indians
- In 1900 -1912 nearly 4000 tons of rubber output was associated with the
decrease of 30, 000 people due to torture and disease.
- The workers were brutally killed including women and children who disobeyed
their orders of the manager.
Rebellion in the forest
Q1. Name some forest communities who rebelled against the changes imposed on them by the British.
.Siddhu and Kanu in the Santhal paragana, Birsa Munda of chhotanagpur or Alluri Sitarama Raju of Andhra Pradesh.
The people of Bastar
Q1. Where is Bastar located?
Bastar is located in the southern most part of chhatisgarh and borders of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. (central part of Bastar is a plateau. It extends from the north of chhatisgarh plain to the south Godavari plain)
Q2. Which river flows in the Bastar region?
Indravati (east to west)
Q3. Write about the tribal people of Bastar.
• Different communities like Maria and Mura Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas live here.
• They speak different languages but share common custom and beliefs.
• They believe that each village was given its land and in return they must look after the earth by making some offerings at each agriculture festival.
• They respect the rivers, forest, mountains etc..
• If the people want to take some wood from the forest of another village they must pay small fee called devasari, dand or man. (some engage watchmen)
• Every year they meet in paragana (cluster of villages) and discuss the concern including forest.
The fears of the people
Q1. How were the people of Bastar affected by forest laws?
• The British stopped the shifting cultivation and collection of forest products.
• Some people were allowed to stay on in the reserved forest and work freely in cutting and transporting trees and protecting forest from fire.
• Other people were displaced without any notice or compensation.
Q2. How did the people of Bastar make a protest?
• People gathered and discussed in the village councils, bazaars and festivals.
• Dhurwas of the Kanger forest initially protested.
• Gunda Dhur from Nethanar village became an important figure.
• In 1910 people passed messages through mango, lump of earth (mud), chillies and arrows.
• People looted the houses of the officials and traders.
• Schools, police stations were robbed and grains were redistributed.
Q3. Who said, ‘From all directions came steering into Jagdalpur, police merchants, forest peons, school masters and immigrants’.
Wiulliam ward, a missionary.
Q4. How did the British suppress the rebellions? What was the result of the rebellion?
• The British sent troops. The adivasi leader tried to negotiate.
• But the British surrounded the camp and fired on them.
• People deserted their land and fled into the jungles.
• British regained control over the region in 3 months (Feb – May)
• They could not capture Gund Dhur
Result: Before 1910, the forest area to be reserved was reduced to half of the planned area.
Q5. What was the proposal of world Bank in 1970s?
World Bank proposed that 4,600 hectares of natural sal forest should be replaced by tropical pine to provide pulp for the paper industry. The environmentalists protested and the project was stopped.
Source E (page 91)
Bhondia mob started on 10th Feb. burnt the Marenge school, police post line, school at Tokapal. The head constable and 4 constables were captured who came to escort the Dewan. The mob mal treated and seized their weapons.
Source F (page 91)
PodiyamiGanga was told a story of the Bastar people by Podiyami Tokeli.
*British took the land from the Bastar people.
* Raja did not take care. Podiyami Tokeli’s supporters gathered and war started, many killed and many were whipped. Tokeli was also whipped.
*British used to tie the people at horse back pulled them.
* The paltan or the soldiers surrounded the people. The battle took place at night. Army ran away.
Forest Transformation in Java
Q1. Where is Java located? Indonesia
Q2. Who had established colonies in Java? Dutch
(once Java was filled with forests and the Dutch started the forest management. The population of Java was 3.4 million)
The wood cutters of Java
Q1. Who were Kalangs? How did they live?
• The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
• The Mataram kingdom of Java split the 6000 Kalang families were equally and divided between the 2 kingdoms
• When the Dutch controlled the places they suppressed the Kalangs under them.
Dutch Scientific Forestry
Q1. How were the people of Java affected by the forest laws?
• The villagers were restricted to access the forests.
• Now wood could cut only for making river boats or constructing houses only under close supervision.
• Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood or traveling into the forests.
• In 1882, 280,000 sleepers were exported from Java alone.
• The Dutch imposed rents on the land cultivated in forest
Samin’s challenge
Q1.How did Samin protest against the Dutch?
• In 1890 Surontiko samin of Randublatung village (teak forest) protested.
• He argued that the state has no right to own wind, water, earth and wood.
• The movement soon wide spread.
• His son-in-law organized it.
• Some Suminists protested by lying on the land when the Saminists came to survey it.
• Others refused to pay taxes.
War and deforestation
Q1. How did the wars lead to deforestation ?
• The forests were cut to meet the war needs
• Dutch practiced the scorched earth policy when Japan occupied the region.
• They burnt sawmills, piles of giant teak logs.
• Japanese exploited the forests recklessly for their own industries.
• Thus Java forests were cut down and cleared.
New Developments in Forestry
Q1. How were the forests of Mizoram and Kerala protected?
• The forests of Mizoram and Kerala were protected because of the people who protected them as sacred groves.
• They called them as Sarnas, devarakudu, Kan, rai etc..
• Some villagers use to patrol their forests.
LESSON-7, THE STORY OF CRICKET
Qus.1 How old is the game of cricket?
Ans. 1 It was played 500 yrs. Ago in England.
Qus. 2 What does the word Bat means?
Ans. 2 The word bat is an English word that simply means stick or club.
Qus. 3 When did the people play the game?
Ans. 3 The people played the game on Sunday.
Qus. 4 What was the shape of the bat in early times?
Ans. 4 i. The shape of the bat in the early times was like a hockey stick.
ii. This was because the ball was bowled under arm along the ground & the curve at the end of the bat gave the batsman the best chance of making contact.
Qus.5 Give the peculiarities of test cricket?
Ans.5 i. The match can go on for 5 days & still end in a draw.
ii. The length of the pitch is specified-22 yards-but the size or shape of the ground is not.
Qus. 6 Which ground is oval, circular in shape?
Ans. 6 Oval – Adelaide
Circular – Chepauk in Chennai.
Qus. 7 A six at the Melbourne cricket ground needs to clear much more ground than a lofted shot at which ground?
Ans. 7 Feroz Shah Kotla in delhi.
Qus. 8 When was the 1st laws of cricket drawn?
Ans. 8 The 1st written laws of cricket were drawn up in 1744.
Qus. 9 Write some of the earlier rules of cricket?
Ans. 9 i. There shall be two umpire who would decide all disputes.
ii. The stumps must be 22 inches high & the bail across them 6 inches.
iii. The ball must weigh between 5 & 6 ounces.
Qus. 10 When & where was the world’s 1st cricket club formed?
Ans. 10 The world’s 1st cricket club was formed in Hambledon in 1760’s & the MCC was founded in 1787.
Qus. 11 What were the changed rules of cricket between 1760’s- 1770’s?
Ans. 11 i. It became common to pitch the ball through the air rather than roll it along the ground.
ii. It also opened new possibilities for spin & swing.
iii. The replacement of the curved bat with the straight one.
iv. The weight of the ball was between 51/2 to 53/4 ounces & the width of the bat to 4 inches.
v. The width of the bat was limited to four inches.
vi In 1774 the first leg before law was published along with this a third stump was introduced.
vii. By 1780 the length of a test match was fixed to three days.
viii. The exact circumference of the ball was specified and protective equipment like pads and gloves became available.
ix. Helmets made out of materials and synthetic light weight materials were introduced.
Qus. 12 With what materials the cricket Bat & Ball is made?
Ans. 12 The bat is made of wood & the ball is made with leather, twine & cork.
Qus. 13 With which bat did Denis Lillee try to play an innings?
Ans. 13 Denis Lillee tried to play an innings with an aluminium bat.
Qus. 14 What are the new technological changes that took place in protective equipments?
Ans. 14 i. The invention of vulcanized rubber led to the introduction of pads in 1848 & protective gloves.
ii. Helmets made out of metal & synthetic material.
Qus. 15 Who were Amateurs?
Ans. 15 i. The rich who could afford to play cricket for pleasure were called amateurs.They considered sports a kind of leisure.
ii. There was not enough money in the game so the rich played for pleasure.
Qus. 16 Who were professionals & how were their wages paid?
Ans. 16 i. The poor who played cricket for a living were called professionals.
ii. Their wages were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money
iii. The game was seasonal & did not offer employment through out the year.
Qus. 17 What were the Amateurs & Professionals called as?
Ans. 17 The amateurs were called Gentle men while professionals were called as players.
Qus. 18 Why is cricket called as a Batsman’s game?
Ans. 18 i. Its rules were made in favour of gentle men who mostly did batting.
ii. The captain of a cricket team was a batsman because the captain’s were always amateurs.
Qus. 19 When was the English Test Team led by a professional?
Ans. 19 The English test team was led by a professional in 1930’s the captain was Len Hutton.
Qus. 20 “ Battle of Water loo was won on the playing fields of Eton “ Explain.
Ans. 20 This means that Britain’s military success was based on the values taught to school boys in its public schools.Eton was the most famous of these schools.
Qus. 21 What were the boys in English school taught?
Ans. 21 i. The English boarding school was the institution that trained English boys for career in the military, the civil service & the church.
ii. These schools taught team sports like cricket & rugby not just as game but for teaching discipline, the codes of honour & the leadership qualities.
Qus. 22 Who was Thomas Arnold?
Ans. 22 He was the head master of the famous Rugby school & founder of the modern public school system.
Qus. 23 What did the English ruling class believe regarding the superior character & the reason for winning the Napoleonic wars?
Ans. 23 The English ruling class believed that the Napoleonic wars were won because it was the superior characters of its young men, built in boarding schools playing gentlemanly games like cricket.
Qus. 24 What type of exercises were recommended for girls by Dorothea Beale, principal of Cheltenham Ladies College?
Ans. 24 i. The girls should not be engaged in sports & vigorous exercises but instead walking & skipping would be better.
ii. The girls were not allowed to play games instead they were asked to take interest
in Botany & Geology.
Qus. 25 In which colonial countries playing cricket was regarded as a sign of superior social & racial status?
Ans. 25 South Africa, Zimbabwe, Australia,New Zeland, West Indies & Kenya.
Qus. 26 Who were Mulattos?
Ans. 26 People of mixed European & African descent.
Qus. 27 When did west indies win its 1st test series & against whom?
Ans. 27 West Indies won its 1st test series against England in 1950.
Qus. 28 What were the two ironies of this great victory?
Ans. 28 i. The West Indian team was captained by a white player.
ii. The West Indies cricket team represented not one nation but many dominions.
Qus. 29 How were the teams in India organized during the colonial rule?
Ans. 29 Cricket in India was organized on the principle of race & religion.
Qus. 30 When was the 1st cricket club in India established & what was its name?
Ans. 30 The 1st Indian club was the Calcutta cricket club which was established in 1792.
Qus. 31 Who were the 1st community to play cricket in India?
Ans. 31 The Parsis were the 1st, they founded the 1st Indian cricket club called as the Oriental cricket club in Bombay in 1848.Parsi clubs were funded & sponsored by parsi business men like the Tata’s & the Wadias.
Qus. 32 Why was there a quarrel between the Bombay Gymkhana & Parsi cricketers?
Ans. 32 i. The quarrel was over the use of a public park.The parsis complaint that the park was unfit for cricket because the polo ponies of the Bombay gymkhana dug up the surface.
Qus. 33 Name the gymkhana founded by the hindus & the muslims?
Ans. 33 The hindus founded the hindu gymkhana & muslims the islam gymkhana.
Qus. 34 What was the Quadrangular Tournament?
Ans. 34 i. The 1st class cricket was organized on communal & racial lines.
ii. The tournament did not represent regions but religious communities.
iii. it was called quadrangular tournament because it was played by 4 teams, the Europeans, the parsis, the hindus & the muslims.
iv. Later on a 5th team was added called as the Rest, the tournament became Pentangular.
Qus. 35 Why did Gandhiji condemn the pentangular?
Ans. 35 Gandhiji condemned the pentangular as it was dividing the Indian communities.At the time when nationalist were trying to unite india’s diverse population.
Qus. 36 what is the National cricket championship today called as?
Ans. 36 The national cricket championship is today called as the Ranji Tophy.
Qus. 37 Who was india’s 1st test captain?
Ans. 37 C.K. Nayudu.
Qus. 38 When did india enter the world test cricket?
Ans. 38 1932
Qus. 39 why was South African team banned from playing cricket?
Ans. 39 South Africa was a racist state which followed a policy of racial discrimination thus the team was banned.
Qus. 40 Where is the ICC head quarters today?
Ans. 40 The ICC head quarters today is at Dubai.Its earlier head quarters was at London.
Qus. 41 Who was Kerry Packer & how did he change the game of cricket?
Ans. 41 i. He was an Australian T.V tycearn tyoon who wanted to earn money through cricket.
ii. He signed 51 leading cricketers from the world.
iii. He started the world series cricket.
iv. Coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights became a part of his game.
v. T.V channels made money by selling television spots to companies who were ready to pay huge money.
Qus. 42 How did T.V coverage change cricket?
Ans. 42 i. It expended the audience for the game which was shown into small towns & villages.
ii. Children who never had the chance to watch international cricket could now watch & learn by imitating their heroes.
iii. The technology of satellite television created a global market for cricket.
Qus. 43 Name any 2 new innovation in cricket technique developed by Pakistan in bowling & explain each?
Ans. 43 i. Doosra & reverse swing.
ii. Both skills were developed in response to sub continental conditions- the doosra to counter aggressive batsman with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make fingers pin outdated & reverse swing to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive wickets.
Qus. 44 Name the game which was introduced in india?
Ans. 44 Polo.
Qus.45. Explain why cricket became popular in India and West Indias. Can you give reason why it did not become popular in countries in South Africa.
Ans.45. Cricket took root only in countries that the British conquered and ruled. In the colonies, cricket was established as a popular sport either by white settlers (west Indies) or by local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters as in India
British Imperial officials made efforts to spread this game only where the subject of empire were mainly non white such as in India and West Indies.. Here playing cricket became a sign of superior social and racial status and the Afro – Caribbean population was discouraged from participating in organized club cricket which remained dominated by white plantation owners and their servants. This is the reason that cricket did not became popular in Countries in South America.
Qus. 46. What is the role of Kerry Packer in changing the nature of Cricket?
Ans. 46. kerry Packer, an Australian television tycoon, who saw the money making potential of cricket as a televised sport signed up 51 of the world’s leading cricketers and staged unofficial test and one- day international under the name of “world’s leading cricketers and staged unofficial test and one – day international under the name of “world series cricket”. His innovations during these two years to make cricket more attractive to television audiences endured and changed the nature of the game. Coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights, became a standard part of the post Pecker game, crucially, packer drove the lesson that cricket was a marketable game, which can generate huge revenues.
Chapter – 5
PASTORALISTS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Qus. 1 Who are nomads?
Ans. 1 They are people who don’t live in one place but move from one area to another to earn there living.
Qus. 2 What are Bugyals?
Ans. 2 Bugyals are vast natural pastures on the high mountains.They are under snow in the winter and come to life after April.
Qus. 3 Discribe the life of the nomads in jammu & Kashmir.
Ans. 3 (I) The pastoral nomads of jammu Kashmir are the Gujjar Bakarwals.They ar herders of goat & sheep.
(2) In winter, they move to the low hills of the siwalik as the high mountains are covered with snow.
(3) By the end of April they start moving towards the north.
(4) They move together & form a kafila.
Qus. 4 Who are Gaddi shepherds?
Ans. 4 (1) They belong to himachal Pradesh & follow a cycle of seasonal movements.
(2) They spend there winter in the low hills siwalik & move north in the month of April.
(3) They spent the summer in Lahul & Spiti.
Qus. 5 What are Bhabar?
Ans. 5 A dry forested area below the foothills of Garhwal & Kumaun.
Qus. 6 Name the pastoral communities of the Himalayas?
Ans. 6 The pastoral communities of the Himalayas are Bhotiyas, Sherpas & Kinnauris.
Qus. 7 Write few sentences on the life of the pastoralists on the plateaus, plains & desters of india?
Ans. 7 Plateaus – Maharashtra (1) Dhangars are an important pastoral community of Maharashtra.
(2) Most of them were shepherds, blanket weavers & buffalo herders.
(3) They stay in the central plateau during the monsoon.as this area becomes a grazing ground for the cattle.
(4) By October they harvest their bajra & move west.They reach the konkan.
Plateaus – Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh (1) The pastoral communities includes Gollas, the kurumas & kurubas who reared cattle sheep, goats & sold blankets.
(2) They lived near the forests, cultivated small piece of land.
(3) In the dry season they move to the costal areas & leave when the rain comes.
Plains – (1) Banjaras are the group of pasrolist.
(2) They are found in the villages of uttarpradesh, Punjab, rajasthan, Madhya pradesh & Maharashtra.
(3) They move long distances in search of good pastures for their cattle & sold some goods to villagers in exchange for grain & fodder.
Deserts – (1) Raikas live in rajasthan they do cultivation & pastoralism.
(2) The raikas of Barmer, jaisalmer, jodhpur & Bikaner live in their home villages where pastures is available.
(3) By oct. they move out in search of pasture & water.
(4) The maru raikas heard camel.
Qus. 8 How did the colonial rule affect the life of pastoralists?
Ans. 8 (1) Grazing lands were taken away & turned into cultivated fields.
(2) The reservation of forests restricted the shepherds & cattle herders to move freely in the forests.
(3) As the pasture land disappeared the animals had to be fed on whatever grazing land remained.
(4) This resulted in intensive grazing & the quality of pastures declined.
(5) A large number of cattle died during famines.
Qus. 9 How did the pastoralists change during the colonial rule?
Ans. 9 (1) The grazing lands were transformed into cultivated farms.
(2) This would bring more land revenue.
(3) Cultivation of jute, cotton & wheat was increased.
(4) The colonial officials considered these pastures as waste land.
(5) The forests acts restricted the pastoralists into the forests.as there movements would destroy the saplings & young shoots of tees.
(6) They needed a permit for entry which was for a specified number of days.
(7) If they over stayed the had to pay fines.
Qus. 10 Why were the British officials suspicious of nomadic people?
Ans. 10 The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population they wanted the people to live in fixed places. such a population was easy to identify & control.These nomads were called as criminals. In 1871 the government passed the Criminal Tribes Act according to which the crafts men, traders & pastoralists were called as criminal tribes.These communities were expected to live in a particular village & were not allowed to move out without a permit.
Qus. 11 “ The colonial government wanted to expand its revenue income by every possible source” justify the statement.
Ans. 11 (1) The colonial government imposed tax on land, canal water, salt, trade goods & animals.
(2) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed.
Qus. 12 How was the tax collected by the officials?
Ans. 12 (1) Between the 1850’s & 1880’s the right to collect the tax was auctioned to contractors.
(2) The contractors tried to take as high a tax as they had to pay the state & earn profit.
(3) By the 1880’s the government started collecting taxes directly.The pastoralists were given a pass & when they entered the grazing grounds they showed the pass & paid the taxes.
Qus. 13 How did the pastoralists cope with these changes?
Ans. 13 The pastoralists reacted to these changes in a variety of ways:-
(1) Some of them decreased the number of cattles as there was not enough pasture to feed large numbers.
(2) Some discovered new pastures.
(3) The raikas could no longer into sindh as the country was divided in 1947.
(4) Rich pastoralists started purchasing land & settled down, they cultivated land.
(5) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from money lenders & became labourers.
Qus. 14 Name the pastoral communities of Africa?
Ans. 14 Bedouins, berbers, maasai, Somali, boran & turkana.
Qus. 15 Where do most of these live?
Ans. 15 Most of them live in the semi-erid grass lands or erid deserts where agriculture is difficult.they raise cattle, camles, goats, sheep & donkeys & they sell milk, meat, animal skin & wool.some of them earn through trade & transport.
Qus. 16 Where do the masai cattle herders live?
Ans. 16 They live in southern Kenya & in Tanzania.
Qus. 17 What problems did the masais face?
Ans. 17 (1) They faced continous loss of their grazing land.
(2) They had to stay in small areas of south Kenya & north Tanzania.
(3) The masai lost about 60% of their lands.
(4) The british government encouraged cultivation & pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields.
(5) Large areas of grazing land were turned into game reserves like the Masai Mara & Samburu national park in Kenya & Serengeti Park in Tanzania.
Qus. 18 “ From the late 19th century the colonial government imposed restrictions on the movements of the African pastoralists” Explain.
Ans. 18 (1) The pastoral groups were forced to live within the reserved bounderies.
(2) They were not allowed to move without permit which they got with difficulty.
(3) They were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas & could not participate in any trade.
Qus. 19 How did droughts affect the life of pastoralists?
Ans. 19 (1) When rains fail pastures dry, cattle starve unless they are moved to green areas.
(2) The masai were asked to live in a fixed area & could not move their cattle to places where pastures were available.
(3) Large number of cattle died of starvation & disease in the years of drought.
Qus. 20 How was the masai society divided?
Ans. 20(1) The masai society into two social groups – Elders & warriors.
(2) The elders were the ruling group who met in the councel & settled disputes.
(3) The warriors were the younger people who were responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(4) They organized cattle raids.it was important because cattle was wealth.
Qus. 21 Explain the measures introduced by the British to administer the affairs of the masai.
Ans. 21 (1) Chiefs of different sub- groups of masai were appointed who were responsible for the affairs of the tribe.
(2) Restrictions were imposed on raiding & warfare.
(3) The chiefs collected wealth & bought animals, goods & land.
(4) They lended money to poor neighbours.
(5) The chiefs began to live in towns while their wives & children stayed in villages.
Qus. 22 How did the poor pastoralists lead their life?
Ans. 22 (1) Poor pastoralists depended only on their live stock.
(2) In times of war & famine they lost every thing they had.
(3) They went to towns in search of work some of them lived as charcoal burners & others did odd jobs.
(4) Some of them got regular work in road or construction work.
Qus. 23. Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following Laws. In each case, explain how the law changes the lives of Pastoralists.
Ans 23. Waste land Rules: In the mid nineteenth century, waste land rules were enacted in various parts of the country. Under these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and individuals were given concessions. This declined the pasture lands.
Forests Acts: Forest Acts were passed in Mid nineteenth century. Under these acts the forests which were the pastures earlier now declared as reserved and grazing was prohibited. This minimized the grazing lands. Some forests were turned into commercial forests and trees like deodar or sal were grown.
Criminal Tribes Act: The nomadics who did not settle in one place were considered to be criminals. Their movement created confusion and suspicion in the minds of the colonial rulers. In 1871, the colonial government in India passed Criminal Tribes Act. Police kept a strict watch on the craftsmen, traders and pastoralists.
Grazing Tax: pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. This was introduced in the mid nineteenth century. The pastoralists were given a pass. To enter a grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the pass and pay the tax. The number of cattle heads he had and the amount of tax he paid was entered on the pass.
Qus 24. What were the reason for a huge decline in Pastoral Activities.
Ans: The reason for a huge decline in Pastoral activities are-
1. When grazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, the available area of the pasture land declined.
2. The reservation of forests meant the shepherds and cattle herders could no longer freely pasture their cattle in the forests.
3. When restrictions were imposed on Pastoral movements, grazing lands came to be continuously used and the quality of Pasture declined.
Qus 25. How did the Pastoralists cope with these changes?
Ans 25. 1. Some reduced the number of cattle in their herds, since there was not enough pasture to feed large numbers.
2. Others discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult the camel and sheep herding Railkas, for instance, could no longer move into Sindh and graze their camels on the banks of the Indus.
3.In recent years they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut.
