Chapter-4
Electoral politics
(Read Page 57-60 - Assembly election in Haryana – and try to answer the following questions)
Q1 Who ruled over Haryana since 1982?
Q2 Who was Choudary Devilal and which movement did he start?
Q3 What did he promise to his people if he win the elections?
Q4 To which party did he belong?
Q5 Who got the clear majority?
Q6 Till how many years did he rule over Haryana?
Q7 What do you mean by representative elections?
Ans: In a large populated country like India people cannot directly take part in government activities. Therefore people elect some candidates who are ready to work for them. These people who contest elections and function for the people are called representatives. The elections for Prime Minister and Chief Minister are called representative elections.
Q9 What makes an election democratic?
Ans: Free and fair elections, people’s active participation in voting irrespective of caste, creed, gender or religions, right to express views, criticize the actions of the political parties make an election democratic.
Q10 Distinguish between democratic elections and non democratic elections.
Ans: Democratic elections: In democratic elections people have sole rights to vote and elect representatives of their choice. People of diverse culture participate in political activities. People enjoy secret ballot system. No one can force them to vote or choose those whom they do not want. People of all communities, linguistic groups and castes can contest elections.
Non Democratic elections: In non democratic countries people have no right to express their views or elect the candidates of their choice. In this case a single person or a group of people rule over the country and make policies. Here the common people are not consulted. There is no freedom of press and there is no question of minority’s voice in the government or contest elections. Here people are left with no choice other than to accept a dictator’s rule.
Q12 What are the ways to improve the politicians?
Ans
• To improve the politicians the knowledge and character of political leaders should be reformed.
• The political leaders can be rewarded for serving the people.
Q13 Who can reward them? How?
Ans: Only People can reward them by re-electing them.
Q14 Write a note on general elections, by-elections and mid term elections.
Ans- General elections : General elections are held after every tenure of 5 years. Elections are held in all the constituencies at the same time or either on the same day or within a few days.
By-elections : Due to vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member. Election is held for that particular constituency. This is called By-elections.
Mid Term Election. Elections for a house-i.e. Lok Sabha or Vidhan sabha are held before the completion of full term. When the whole govt. dissolves due to no confidence or the failure of its power mid term elections are held.
Q15 What are constituencies?
Ans- The areas divided for the purpose of elections are called electoral constituencies.
Q17 What is Universal Adult Franchise?
Any citizen above the age of 18 years irrespective of caste, creed, religion or sex is said to be eligible to caste his or her vote and elect the representatives. Universal adult franchise is also called as Uniersal adult suffrage.
Q18 Write about any two ills being faced by Indian Election System.
Ans- (i) Misuse of money power.
(ii) Influence of castiesm and communalism.
Page 60-61
Electoral constituencies
1) How many constituencies are there in our country?
Ans: There are 543 constituencies in our country. The representatives elected from these constituencies are called MPs and MLAs depending upon the central or state elections.
2) Why should there be equal number of people in each constituency?
Ans: Because every vote should have equal value.
3) What is an assembly constituency.?
Ans: States are divided into a specific number of constituencies. These are called assembly constituencies. Here the elected representatives are called MLA’s.
4) How are the villages and towns divided for elections?
Panchayats and towns are divided into several wards. Constituencies are count as seats.
5) Why are the district boundary and constituencies not same?
Constituencies are divided on the basis of population. Each constituency should have equal number of population where as district boundaries may not have equal population.
Page 62
1) What do you mean by reserved constituencies?
Reserved seats for SC and ST categories from where they can contest elections.
2) Why are seats reserved for some categories?
They are considered to be weaker section and may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and state Legislature assemblies. Some influential people may prevent them from winning elections. It may deprive their voices. Constitution has designed a special system of reservation. In a SC constituencies only someone who belongs to SC category can only stand in the elections.
3) How many seats are reserved for scheduled castes in Lok Sabha? -79
4) How many seats are reserved for scheduled tribes in Lok Sabha? -41
Note: In panchayats and urban municipalities reservations are made for OBC’s.
Voter’s list pg 63-64
Q1 Who can vote?
Ans- A citizen above 18 years old can vote.
Q2 What is electoral roll? Or Voter’s list?
Ans- List of voters prepared by the government is called electoral roll or voter’s list.
Q3 Who prepares the voters list? When?
Ans- The government prepares the voters list after every 5 years gap. A complete revision of the list takes place. It takes care of the people who move out of the place or those who are dead or deleted.
Q4 Comment on EPIC.
Ans- (i) It is the abbreviation of Election Photo Identity Card. It is given to every citizen. The voters are required to carry this card when they go out to vote.
(ii) But this voter’s Id card is not yet compulsory for voting. Voters can show many proofs like the ration card, smart card or the driving license.
Nomination of candidate pg-64
Q1 Who can be a candidate?
Anyone who can be a voter also be a candidate. Minimum age for a candidate to contest election is 25 years.
Q2 Who cannot be a candidate?
Criminals, mentally disturbed persons, foreigners cannot be candidates.
Q3 How can a person be a candidate for the election?
Ans: A person can become a candidate by filling a nomination form and give some money as security deposit to the Election Commission. Every candidate must make a legal declaration giving full details of (i) criminal cases pending (ii) details about assets and liabilities (iii) education and qualification. The collected informations are put before public by the Election Commission.
Q4 Why is education not considered necessary for the candidates?
Education is not relevant for all jobs. If education is considered, more than 90% of the population will be deprived from contesting elections. It would go against democracy. Illiterates will be deprived and no equality will be shown.
Page 66-67
Election campaign
Q1 What are the main purpose of elections?
To give a fair chance to the people to choose the representatives, government and policies.
Q2 What is the duration given for election campaigning?
2 weeks period between the announcement of the final list of the candidate and date of polling.
Q3 What is done in the election campaigning?
The political leaders contact their voters and mobilize their supporters to win votes.
Q4 What is the role of media during elections?
They publish and propagate election news. They exhibit all the election related stories and debates.
Q5 How do the political parties try to focus public attention?
They try to focus public attention on big issues. They raise slogans.
Q6 Quote some of the slogans popularized by various political parties.
1) Garibi hatao - Congress party by Indira Gandhi in 1971 election.
2) Save democracy - Janta party in 1977 election .
3) Land to the tiller - Left Front, West Bengal elections in 1977
4) Protect the self respect of the Telugu - by Andhra Pradesh assembly elections in 1983.
Q7 State some of the election laws. What will happen if someone tries to violate them?
No one can
1) Bribe or threaten voters.
2) Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion.
3) Use govt. resource for election campaign.
4) Spend more than 25 lakh in lok sabha election or rupees 10 lakh in a constituency in an assembly election. If someone tries to violate the laws his nomination will be cancelled.
Q8 What is the punishment if they try to violate the laws?
If they do so their election can be rejected by the court even after they have been elected.
Q9 State a few morel code of conduct for election campaigns.
No party or candidate can use:
1) Place of worship for election propaganda.
2) Use govt. vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections.
3) Once elections are announced ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any big policy decisions or make any promises.
Page 67-68
Polling and counting of votes
Q1 comment on polling and counting of votes.
Or
Describe the final stage of election.
Voters caste or poll their vote on election day. People in the voters list go to polling booth (usually in a nearly school or govt. office). The voter is identified and verified and put a mark on his/her finger after casting their vote. An agent of each candidate is allowed to sit inside polling booth to ensure fair election.
The electronic voting machines are taken to the counting centres and counted before the agents of the candidates on the day of counting.
Q2 Are the election too expensive for the country?
Though expensive elections are necessary in a democracy. Democracy is the life and soul of a nation.
Q3. What is a ballot paper?
Sheet of paper on which the names of candidates along with party names and symbols as listed.
Q4 Comment on EVM.
Electronic voting machine used to record votes. It shows the name of candidates and the party symbols. Voters have to press the button against the symbol.
Q5 Who allots Party Symbols? Election Commision
Q6 How are the votes counted?
EVM are sealed and taken to a secure place.
On a fixed date all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and count before the agents of the candidates.
Page 69-71
What makes Elections in India Democratic?
Q1 What are the challenges before free and fair elections?
Or
What are the short coming/limitations of Indian election systems?
• Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voter’s list.
• Misuse of govt. facilities and officials by ruling party.
• Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties.
• Intimidation of votes and rigging on the polling day.
• People with criminal backgrounds may enter politics.
• Bigger parties may have unfair advantage over smaller parties.
• Voters vote for the candidates on the basis of caste and religion.
Page 69-70
Independent Election Commission
Q1 Who conducts free and fair elections? Election Commission
Q2 Does the election commission enjoys freedom in conducting their responsibilities?
Or
Is the election Commission dependent on the govt?
Election Commission is a very powerful and independent body. It enjoys same kind of independence as that of judiciary.
Q3 Who is the chief of the Election Commission? Chief Election Commissioner (CEC)
Q4 Who appoints the CEC? President of India
Q5 What are the powers and functions of Election Commission in India?
• The Election Commission conducts and controls elections from the announcement of election dates to the counting of votes and declaration of results.
• It implements the code of conduct and punishes the wrong doers.
• Election Commission orders and gives some guidelines to prevent misuse of governmental power.
• During elections the government. officials work under the control of the Election Commission.
Q6 What action does the Election Commission take when polling is not conducted in a fair manner?
The Election Commission orders for a repoll.
Popular participation pg 70-71
Q1 Besides election commission, which is the other way to check the quality of Election process?
People’s active participation
Q2 Explain the turn out figures.
Turn out figure indicates the percent of eligible voters who cast their vote.(over 50 years- Europe & N. American turn out decreased and Indian turn out has raised little).
Q3 What is the reason for India’s increased turn out than Western countries?
Poor & illiterate people’s participation in Elections in India has increased her turnout figure. In W. countries, poor people, Africans, Americans cast less vote . Interest of the voters is also increasing in India over the years.
CHAPTER 6
DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS
Prison in Guantanamo bay
1. Write a note on the ‘prison in Guantanamo’.
About 600 people were secretly picked up by the US forces from all over the world and put in a prison in Guantanamo Bay, an area controlled by Cuba under American Navy. These people were captured in connection with attack on New York on 11 September 2001. (Ana’s father Jamil Banna was also arrested). Their arrests were not informed to their government or their family. Their families came to know only through media. There was no trial before any magistrate in the US. Amnesty international, an international human rights organization, collected information about this and raised voice. The prisoners protested against this arrest and went for hunger strike. The UN Secretary General said the prison must be closed down. The US government refused.
2. Describe the conditions and rights enjoyed by the people of Saudi Arabia.
• Saudi Arabia is ruled by a hereditary king and people have no right to elect the king.
• The selects the executive, legislature. He appoints the judges.
• Citizens cannot form political parties. Media has no power.
• No freedom of religion enjoyed by the people.
• Non muslims can follow their religions in private and not in public.
• Strict rules and restrictions were imposed on women.
• Testimony of one man is considered equal to 2 women.
3. Describe the ethnic massacre in Kosovo.
Kosovo is a province in Yugoslavia before it split. The people were ethnic Albanian. Serbs were in majority. A Serb nationalist Milosevic (pronounced Miloshevich) won the election. He was hostile to the Kosovo Albanians.
A 74 year old Batisha Hoxha was sitting in her kitchen with her 77 year old husband, Suddenly the Serbian troops stepped in, shot her husband dead and burnt her house and made her homeless. The soldiers also snatched her finger ring. She was left with no possession except her clothes she was wearing.
4. What are rights?
Rights are claims of a person over other fellow beings, over the society and over the government. You cannot have a right to play a game in such a way that it breaks the neighbour’s window. Rights should be such that can be made available to others in an equal measure.
Rights are reasonable claims of persons recognized by society and sanctioned by law.
5. How can be the citizen’s rights be protected? (or) Who can protect the rights of the citizens?
When fellow citizens or the government do not respect these rights we call it violation or infringement of our rights. In such cases citizens can approach courts to protect their rights.
6. Why do we need rights in a democracy?
• Rights are needed for the sustenance of a democracy. In democracy every citizen has to have the right to vote and the right to be elected to government.
• In a democracy people must have right to express their opinion, form political parties and take part in political activities.
• Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority.
7. Why are some rights placed higher than the government?
The government should protect the rights of the government. But some times the government may violate or even attack the rights of the citizens. That is why some rights need to be placed higher than the government. In most democracies the basic rights of the citizens are written down in the constitution.
8. What are fundamental rights?
Some rights are fundamental to our life and are given a special status. They are called fundamental rights. It secures all its rights to its citizens. They are an important basic feature of India’s Constitution.
9. Name all the six fundamental rights.
• Right to equality, Right to freedom, Right against exploitation, Right to freedom of religion, Cultural and educational rights and Right to Constitutional remedies.
10.What do understand by rule of law?
Rule of law is the foundation of any democracy. It means that no person is above the law. There cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official and an ordinary citizen. No person can legally claim any special treatment or privilege just because he or she is an important person.
11.Discuss on the Right to equality.
The Constitution says all the people living in India are equal and no one can be denied of rights. It is applicable to irrespective of status, religion, caste, gender etc.. Every citizen from Prime Minister to a small farmer in remote village is subjected to the same laws. The government shall not discriminate against any citizens on grounds of religion, caste, gender etc.. The same is applicable to jobs, to seek education, opportunities etc.. Some times special treatment to some categories or minority people is necessary to bring them up. According to the constitution it is not a violation of law.
12. Discuss the Right to freedom as stated by the constitution.
Under the Constitution all citizens have the right to
• Freedom of speech and expression
• Assemble in a peaceful manner
• Form associations and unions
• Move freely throughout the country
• Reside in any part of the country and
• Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
Freedom of speech and expression is one of the essential features of any democracy. All the citizens have the right to publicise their views through a pamphlet, magazine, speech or news paper. But no one has the right to incite people to rebel against government.
Citizens have the right to hold meetings, processions, rallies and demonstrations on any issue. As citizens we have the right to travel to any part of the country. The Constitution states that no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty. It is really correct to say that Right to freedom is a cluster of six rights.
13. What are the rights granted to a person who is arrested or detained by the police or the government?
• A person who is arrested and detained in custody will have to be informed of the reasons for such arrest and detention.
• A person who is arrested and detained shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of arrest.
• Such a person has the right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence.
14. ‘Right against exploitation is an essential right to all the citizens’. Justify.
Once rights are granted it becomes necessary to protect and prevent exploitation. It is a legal weapon to protect certain weaker sections of our society. The practice or begar or forced labour has now been made a crime and punishable by law under our constitution. Similarly our constitution forbids employing of children of below 14 years of age in dangerous jobs like factories and mines. Fundamental Rights allows the children to lead happy childhood.
15. ‘Right to constitutional Remedies is a very special right’. What is so special about this right?
‘Right to Constitutional Remidies’ is considered as a very special right because it is truly the guardian of all other Fundamental Right, our constitution gives every citizen the right to go to the Court to get his/her Fundamental Rights enforced. This right is so special because all the Fundamental Rights would be meaningful unless they are safeguarded and enforced by the courts. It is under ‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’ that a citizen can move to the Supreme Court or the high court if any of his Fundamental Right is violated or infringed upon.
16.Write a short note on the ‘Right to Freedom of Religion.
The Preamble of our Constitution declares India to be a secular state. This object is achieved by granting every citizen the ‘Right to Freedom of Religion’. Citizens are free to practice their respective religions. Thus, all religions are equal before the state and no religion is given preference over the other. No state – run institution can give religious education. However, religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own and provide educational facilities there. But state can restrict the establishment of such institutions if it is felt that such institutions are against the interests of public order, morality and health.
17. What are writs?
Writs are the written documents orders issue by the court to defend an individual’s rights.
18. Write a note on Human Rights Commission.
Human Rights Commission is an independent body set up by law in 1993. Like Judiciary this is independent of the government. This commission was appointed by the President and includes retired judges, officers and eminent citizens. It helps the victims to secure their human rights. It also includes the rights mentioned in the UN sponsored international treaties that India has signed. It cannot punish the guilt but it is done by the court. Like any court it can summon witness, question any government official, demand any official paper, visit any person for inspection or send its own team for on the spot inquiry.
19. Where could an Indian citizen write a letter to the Human Rights Commission in India?
Any citizen of India can write a letter to National Human Rights Commission, Faridkot House, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi 110 001. There is no fee or any formal procedure to approach the NHRC
Like NHRC, there are State Human Rights Commissions in 14 states of the country.
20. Discuss on the expanding scope of rights in India.
The Constitution provides many more rights like the right to seek information from the citizens, right to food etc. Right to property is not a fundamental right but a constitutional right. From time time the courts have expanded the scope of rights. Certain rights like freedom of press , right to information, and right to education are derived from fundamental rights.
21. Mention some of the new rights guaranteed by the African government to its citizen s.
The African Constitution guarantees the following rights to its citizens.
• Right to privacy, so that citizens or their home cannot be searched their pho0nes cannot be tapped, their communication cannot be opened.
• Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well being.
• Right to have access to adequate housing.
• Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water; no one may be refused emergency medical treatment.
Chapter – 5
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
Introduction: How is a major policy decision taken?
A government order:
1. What is a government order?
An order issued by the government on various policies for the well being and development of the people. It has a number and signed by important persons like The Secretary, Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry etc..
2. What was the Government Order of August 13, 1990 about?
The Government Order announced a major policy decision. It said that 27 % of the vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India are reserved for the Socially and Educationally Backward classes(SEBC).
The decision makers
1.Explain the Mandal Commission recommendation.
The Second Backward Classes Commission was headed by B.P.Mandal, hence the commission came to be called as Mandal Commission. It gave its report on 1980 and made a recommendation to reserve 27% of government jobs to backward class people. In 1990 V.P.Singh, the leader of Janta Dal, when became the Prime Minister of India implemented the Mandal Commission.
For the next few months this was the most hotly debated issue in the country
There were wide spread protest. Some felt this would cause inequality in opportunities among the people. Some persons and oppositions filed a number of cases against this. The case was Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case’. Finally the Supreme Court Ordered that well to do families of OBC community should be excluded from the benefit of reservation. Another Office Memorandum was issued by the Department of Personnel and Training on Sep. 8, 1993. Thus the dispute came to an end.
Need for Political Institutions
1.Why do we need political institutions? Explain some political institutions with examples.
Policy making and implementing them for the people on various issues is not an easy task. It involves number of people and several departments. Governing a country involves a number of activities. The government formulates and implements several welfare schemes. Some persons have to take decisions on how to go about these activities. Others have to implement these decisions. If disputes arise there should be someone to resolve and find solutions to it.
Some well know political institutions are:
• The Prime Minister and the Cabinet - takes all important policy decisions
• The Civil Servants – implement the minister’s decisions.
• Supreme Court - resolves disputes between the citizens and the government.
Parliament
1. What is the role of Parliament in policy making ? Discuss with the example of Mandal commission.
Parliament plays an essential role in policy making. As in case of Mandal Commission –
• The report of the Mandal Commission was discussed in the Parliament.
• The President of India mentioned this in his speech in the Parliament
• The Prime Minister informed about this decision through a statement in both the houses.
• Then the decision is sent to the Department of Personnel and Training.
From this example we come to a conclusion that any policy made for the people first appears in the Parliament.
2. Why do we need a Parliament?
• Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. It can make, change, or abolish laws.
• It controls those who run the government and thus prevent maladministration.
• It controls all the money that governments have. Public money can be spent only when the Parliament sanctions it.
• Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country.
3. What are the two houses of the Parliament? Why does all the bills finally reach the President for his consent?
The Parliament is divided into two parts. (i) Rajya Sabha – the Upper House and (ii) Lok Sabha – Lower House. They are called the Chambers or the Houses.
The first house is indirectly elected by the people while the second house is the most powerful house of the Parliament as it is directly elected by the people. It exercise the real power on behalf of the people.
The President is an integral part of the Parliament but he is not a member of it. That is why all the ws made into force when the President signs the bill.
4. What are the powers and functions of Lok Sabha? (Or) Which or the two houses is the most powerful? Explain. (Or) In what way Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha exercise the supreme power.
• Any ordinary law need to be passed by both the houses. In case of difference in decisions both the houses sit together and make laws.
• Lok Sabha has more number of members.Therefore it has more power and its views have high values.
• Lok Sabha exercises more power in money matters. Once Lok Sabha passes any budeget or any money related bill the Rajya Sabha cannot reject.
• The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.
• The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. All the decisions are taken with the majority. If the majority of the Lok Sabha have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit.
5. Discuss the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary functions of the Parliament.
The Parliament exercises various functions like (i) Legislative Powers
(ii) Control over the Executive (iii) Judicial power (iv) Electoral functions (v) Financial functions.
Legislative powers
• The Parliament can make laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List, Concurrent List and Residuary subjects.
• At the time of emergency it can make laws on state list subject also.
• The Parliament can also make amendment in the Constitution.
Control over Executive
• The Parliament controls the executives. The Parliament can also have control over the Cabinet and Prime Minister by vote of No-confidence against them.
Judiciary powers
• It can remove the President, judges of supreme court, High court, Election commissioner form their office through impeachment for any serious violation.
The electoral functions
• The parliament elects the President, Vice President, Speaker and Deputy speaker.
Financial powers
• The annual budget of income and expenditure are made with the approval of the Parliament.
• The salaries and allowances of the executives are fixed by the Parliament.
• The supplementary budget is also passed by it.
Political and permanent executive
1. Discuss the powers and functions of the President.
In India the President is the Constitutional head of the nation. He is vested with many powers.
The executive power
• The President appoints the Prime Minister, Governor of the state, Chief Commissioner, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and High Court and Attorney General of India
• He appoints the chairmen of the Union Public Service Commission, Chairmen of the Planning Commission and the Chairmen of the Economic Commission with key members.
Legislative power
• He addresses the joint session of the two houses.
• He can summon, prorogue and dissolve the Parliament.
• No bill passed by the Parliament can take the shape of law without his signatures.
• He can issue ordinance when the Parliament is not in session.
• He appoints 12 members for Rajya Sabha and 2 members in Lok Sabha.
Financial Powers
• The annual budget and money bills are passed in lok sabha only with the assent of President.
• He appoints the Financial Commission.
The Judicial Powers
• He appoints the judges of the Supreme and High courts.
• He is not answerable before any court of law. No criminal suit can be charged against him.
• He has the power to pardon, remit or suspend a sentence of punishment on appeal. He can change even death sentence to imprisonment for life.
Emergency power
• According to Article 352 President can declare National Emergency in wars and foreign attacks.
• Under Article 360 emergency can be declared if there is financial instability.
• Under Article 365, President can take over the administration if there is a failure constitutional machinery.
2. Discuss the powers and functions of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is the real executive of India. He is the head of the governing machinery of the state. He exercises the following powers.
• He appoints the Cabinet Ministers and allocates work among them.
• He supervises the work of Council of Ministers (60 to 80 members) and distributes the portfolios to them.
• He is leader of the Lok Sabha and the Prime spokesmen of the government.
• He presides the meetings of the Council of Ministers.
• He can ask the Minister of different opinion to quit office.
• He advices the President in matters of appointment of various heads and policy affairs.
• He controls the foreign policy of the nation through Foreign Ministry but he is the real creator of foreign policy.
3. Discuss on the various ranks of ministers in the councils.
CABINET MINISTERS: They are the top level leaders of the ruling party. It is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It comprises of 20 ministers who are close to the Prime minister.
MINISTERS OF STATE WITH INDEPENDENT CHARGE:
They are smaller ministers. They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.
MINISTERS OF STATE
They are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers.
The Judiciary
1. Why do we need to have a Judiciary?
The judiciary is the guardian of the rights of the people. Therefore Judiciary is essential in a democracy. Any one can approach the courts if public interest and human rights are violated by the government. This is called public interest litigation.
2. Write four functions of supreme court.
• Supreme court has duty to advise on a point of law or Constitution in case President refers a matter to the court.
• It is the guardian of Fundamental Rights.
• It can interpret the Constitution and can review laws passed by the Legislature.
• It acts as Court of Record. All the decision of Supreme Court are duly printed and kept as record.
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