9th SA - 1 HISTORY NOTES

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1

Standard IX

Chapter 1 The French Revolution

1. When was the city of Paris in a state of alarm?

On the morning of 14^th July 1789.

How many people gathered in front of the town hall and what did they do?

·        Some 7000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a people’s militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.

·        A group of people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress prison, the Bastille.

·        The commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released.

·        The fortress was demolished and its stone fragments were sold in the market to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.

3. Who was the ruler of France and to which dynasty did he belong?

Louis XVI was the ruler of France in 1774. He belonged to the Bourbon dynasty.

4. Who was Marie Antoinette?

She was  married to Louis XVI. She was an Austrian princess.

5. Why was the French treasury empty when Louis XVI ascended the throne?
• Long years of war drained the financial resources of France.
• The cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.
• Louis XVI helped 13 American colonies to gain independence from Britain.
• Lenders who gave the credit now began to charge 10 percent interest on loans.
6. How was the French society organized?

·        The French society was divided into 3 estates.

·        The First Estate included the clergy. The Second Estate included the nobility and Third Estate had members from business community, peasants, artisans and landless labourers.

·        Peasants made up about 90% of the population. They paid all the taxes.

·        60% of the land was owned by nobles, the church and other richer members of the third estates.

·        The clergy and the nobility enjoyed privileges and were exempted from paying taxes.

7. What were the 2 taxes paid by the people of France?

Tithe – A tax levied by the church comprising one – tenth of the agricultural produce.

Taille – A tax paid directly to the state.

8. What do you mean by subsistence crisis?

An extreme situation where the  basic means of livelihood are endangered.

      9.Explain the struggle to survive. (pg -5 – text book) (or)

      Explain the situation that led to the subsistence crisis.

• French population rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789.

·                    This led to increase in the demand for food grains but production of grains could not match with the demand.

·                    The prices of various products increased. Example the price of bread increased rapidly.

·                    The wages of the workers however did not increase.

·                    Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.

10.Write the role of philosophers in the French Revolution.

·        Rousseau:  Carried the idea proposing  a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. He wrote a booked named Social Contract.

·        John Locke: In his book Two treatises of government, he wrote against the doctrine of divine and absolute right of the monarch.

·        Montesquieu: In his book The Spirit of Laws he proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.

The ideas of these philosophers were discussed in saloons and coffee houses. They were spread through books and news papers.

11.Describe the incidents of Assembly of Estates General and oath of tennis

      court.

·        Louis XVI decided to call and assembly of the Estates General on 5^th May 1789 to pass proposals for new taxes.

·        A luxurious hall in Versailles was prepared to host the delegates.

·        The First and Second Estates sent 300 representatives each who were seated in rows facing each other on 2 sides while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.

·        The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members while peasants, artisans and women were denied entry.

·        Voting in the estates general in the past was on the principal of each estate one vote.

·        Louis XVI wanted to continue the same practice but members of the third estates demanded that voting should be conducted by an assembly as a whole where each member would have one vote.

·        The king rejected and the members of the third estate walked out of the assembly.

Oath of tennis court

·        On 20^th June, the representatives of the third estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.

·        They declared themselves as national assembly and decided not to leave the place till they had drafted the constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.

·        They were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes  

12. Who was Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes?

Mirabeau: He was born in a noble family but wanted to do away with a society of privileges. He brought out a journal and delivered powerful speeches to the crowds

Abbe Sieyes: He was a priest and wrote an influential pamphlet called what is the third estate.

13. ‘While the National Assembly at Versailles drafting a Constitution the rest of

        France seethed with turmoil’ Explain.

·        A severe winter resulted in bad harvest, the price of bread rose and bakers exploited the situations by hoarding supplies. Angry women stormed into the shops.

·        The king ordered troops to move into Paris on 14^th July the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille.

·        In the countryside there was a rumour that the lords had hired bands of robbers who would destroy the ripe crops.

·        The peasants seized hoes and pitch forks and attacked the residence belonging to king (Chateaux).

·        They looted hoarded grains and burnt down documents containing records.

·        A large number of nobles flood from their homes and many of them migrated to neighboring countries.

14. What was the reaction of this uprising?

·        Faced with the power  of the revolt Louis XVI recognized the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would be checked by a constitution.

·        On fourth August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system.

·        The clergy were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and land owned by the church were confiscated.

15. When was the constitution drafted and what were its main objectives?

The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791.  

·        Its main object was to limit the power of the monarch.

·        Instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person the powers were separated and assigned different institutions – the legislature, executive and judiciary. This made France a constitutional monarchy.

16. What was the political system under the constitution of 1791?

·        The constitution of 1791 gave the power to make laws to the National Assembly which was indirectly elected.

·        Citizens voted for a group electors who in tern chose the assembly.

·        Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to atleast 3 days of labourer’s wage were given the right to vote. They were called active citizens. The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens.

·        To be an elector and then as a member of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the category of highest tax payer.

17. What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizens?

·        The Constitution began with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizens which included Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law.

·        These rights were established as natural and inalienable rights which belongs to each citizens by birth and could not be taken away.

Some of the rights were:

·        Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.

·        Liberty consists of the power to do what ever is not injurious to others.

·        No man may be accused, arrested or detained except in cases determined by law.

·        Every citizen may speak right and print freely. (for more points refer page 11 – source – C – text book)

18. Who was the poet of Marseillaise?

Marseillaise was one of the patriotic song composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle.

19. How did France become a republic?

·        Louis XVI entered into secret negotiations with the king of Prussia.

·        The National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.

·        Volunteers joined the army and sang patriotic songs.

·        The revolutionary wars brought economic difficulties to the people.

·        The men were fighting and women had to earn a living and look after their families.

·        Political clubs were formed. Women also formed their own clubs.

·        In 1792, the Jacobins stormed the palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards and held the king as hostage for several hours.

·        Later the royal family was imprisoned. Elections were held in which all men of 21 years and above got the right to vote.

·        The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.

·        On September 1792, it abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

20. What do you know about Jacobin club?

·        Political clubs became an important feature in France. The most successful of these clubs was the Jacobians.

·        The members of this club belonged to the less prosperous section of society. They included small shopkeepers, shoe makers, pastry cooks, watch makers, printers as well as servants. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.

·        A large group of the Jacobians decided to wear long striped trousers. These Jacobians were called as Sans-Culottes meaning those without knee – breeches.

21. When was Louis XVI executed?

Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21^st January 1793 he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antionette met with the same fate shortly after.

22. Why was the period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror (Jacobin ‘s Government)?

·        The period from 1793 to 1794 was called the Reign of Terror.

·        The ruler Maxmillion Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishments.

·        All those who opposed him were arrested, imprisoned and  killed.

·        He guillotined the ex-nobles, clergy and the members of political parties.

·        He issued maximum ceiling on wages and prices.

·        Meat and bread were rationed. The use of expensive white bread was forbidden and people were required to eat equality bread d’e’galite’

·        Prices on  grains to sell was fixed by the government.

·        French men and women were to be addressed as citoyen and citoyenne (citizen).

·        Churches were closed down  turned as offices.

·        Many people in place began to demand moderation in the government and in July 1794 Robespierre was arrested and the next day he was guillotined.

23. (read source – c from text book)
24. Throw light on the Director’s rule.

·        After the Jacobin’s club the wealthier middle class people seized power.

·        They formed a new constitution which denied voting right to non – p opertied people.

·        It provided elected legislative councils.

·        A Directory of executives were made up of 5 members.

·        The Directors often clashed with the legislative councils.

·        The political instability led to the rise of military dictator – Napeon Bonaparte.

25. What is a  guillotine? Who invented it?

The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which  a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr. Guillotin who invented it.

26. Did women have a revolution?

·        Women were active participants during the revolution.

·        Most of the third estate’s women worked for their earning. They worked as laundresses, semesters, fruit and flower sellers. They worked both at home and outside.

·        Rich class girls did not work. They were educated in the convent and later  married off.

·        There were about 60 revolutionary clubs formed during the revolution. ‘The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women’ was the most famous of them.

·        Women demanded for their voting right. Finally got it in 1946.

27. How did the revolutionary government improve the condition of women?

·        Revolutionary government introduced laws to improve the conditions of the government.

·        Schooling was made compulsory for all the girls.

·        Their fathers could not force them to marry against their will.

·        Divorce was made illegal.

·        But this government did not guarantee voting right to women.

28. Read source E,F and G from book.
29. Write a note on The Abolition of Slavery.

·        The slave trade began in the 18^th century. The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies.

·        Convention legislated to free all slaves in the French over seas possessions.

·        However Napoleon reintroduced slavery.

·        Finally slavery was abolished in 1848.

30. Read the topic ‘The revolution and every day life’. (page – 22 and 23)

STD  IX                        HISTORY 

                           Nazism – Rise Hitler

Q1) Why was an International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg  set up after the end of the second world war in 1945?

Ans) International military Tribunal was set up by the Allies at Nuremberg to prosecute Nazi war criminals who acted against  peace and humanity. In this tribunal 11 leading Nazis were given death punishment and many were punished.

Q2) What was Genocidal War?

Ans) Killing on  large scale leading  to destruction  of large sections of people was called Genocidal war.

Q3)Mention the two groups of countries that fought on the different sides during the first world war?

Ans) The First group included England, France and Russia came to called as Allies and the second group included Germany and Austria called as central powers.

Q4) What was the German Parliament called?

Ans)The German Parliament was called Reichstag, it was formed on the basis of equal and universal votes caste by all adults including workers.

Q5)Why was the  Weimar Republic not welcome by people?

Ans) The Weimar Republic was not welcomed by the people because:-

1.It  accepted the terms of the   treaty signed at Versailles.

2. Politically  Weimar Republic was fragile. The Constitution also had some defects.

3.The economic conditions of Germany was hit by the economic crisis. There were around six million people who were unemployed.

Q6)”The treaty of Versailles was a humiliating peace treaty for Germany “Justify?

The treaty  of Versailles was harsh and humiliating.

1.Germany lost its overseas colonies.

2. 13 percent of its territories ,75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France,

     Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.

3. The allied powers demilitarized Germany to weaker its power.

4. The Germany was forced to pay compensation which was very high.

5. The allied armies occupied  the fertile Rhineland.

Q7. Who were called as November criminals?

Ans) The socialists, Catholics and Democrates, who supported the Weimar Republic were called November criminals.

Q8. What were the effects of the war on Europe?

1. The war affected the entire continent phychologically and financially.
2. Politicians stressed that men should be aggressive, strong and masculine.
3. The war caused a great destruction on many countries. This resulted in the collapse of Political, social and economic life of the people.
4. This war resulted in the change the political map of Europe.
5. The war gave birth to an international organizations like League of Nations and

      UNO.

6. The war also resulted in the emergence of two super powers i.e.. USA and USSR.

Q9. Who was Adolf Hitler and how did he rise to power?

Ans. Early Life

         1. Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria.

         2. He joined the army as a messenger.

         3. In 1919 he joined a small group called the German Worker’s Party. He

             renamed the party as National socialist German Worker’s party and later on this

             party came to be called as Nazi party.

Hitler’s rise of power

1. In 1923 he planned to seize control of Bavaria but he failed and was tried for treason.

    Later on he was released.

2. In 1928 the Nazi party got only about 2.6 percent votes but In 1932 it became the

    largest party with 37 percent votes.

3. Hitler was a powerful speaker and an administrator to build a strong nation.

4. He also promised full employment who were looking for jobs.

Q10. How did Hitler and the Nazi party help in the destruction of democracy?

Ans. 1. On 30^th January 1933 President Hindenberg offered the chancellorship to Hitler.

            Hitler had set out to destroy the structure of democratic rule.

2. In Feb. 1933 the government suspended  the freedom of speech and press assembly.
3. Hitler turned to the communist where most of them were sent to the concentration camps.
4.  Hitler got the popular support of people that Democracy was opposed by Dictatorship.  

Q11. What was the Enabling Act and write its features?

Ans: 1.On 3^rd March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed. This Act established dictatorship in Germany.

2. It gave Hitler the powers to sideline Parliament.

      3. All parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi party.

      4. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and

          judiciary.

5. Special surveillance and security forces were creatd to control the society.
6. Apart from regular police in green uniform  and the security services and secret police called Gestapo was established.

 Q12. What were the steps taken by Hitler to establish his control?

Ans. 1. Special security forces were created to control the society in the way  Nazi

        wanted.

        2. There was criminal police and the security service and the secret state police (Gestapo).

        3. People would be detained in Gestapo and  sent to the concentration camps.

Q13. How did Hitler reconstruct Germany?

1. Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmer Schacht who aimed full reproduction and full employment.
2. The project like the famous German super highways and the people’s car was introduced.
3. He reoccupied Rhineland and integrated Austria and Germany under the slogan ‘one people, one Empire and one nation’.

Q14. Why did USA enter the Second world war?

Ans: 1. USA had resisted involvement in the war. It was unwilling to once again face all the economic problems that it had to face in the first world war .

2. It could not stay out of the war for long.

3. When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base at Pearl Harbour, the US entered the second world war.

Q15. What was the Nazi ideology about races ?

1. Nazi ideology did not give equality to the people.
2. Only Nordic German Aryans were regarded as superiors and the  jews were at the lowest rank.
3. According to this only those species could be regarded as superior who were purely Aryans.
4. The Nazis said that the strongest species would survive and the weak would perish.

Q16. What was the treatment given to non-Aryans?

                                           Or

Write a note on Hitler’s policy of establishing racial state.

• Jews were considered as undesirable and inferior.
• They were widely prosecuted.
• Gypsies and blacks were considered inferiors.
• They lived in separately marked areas called ghettos.
• I phase: From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorized the jews, compelling them to leave the country

II phase: From 1939 to 1945 the Jews were concentrated in certain areas

III phase: From 1941 to 1945 the Jews were killed in large numbers.

·         Hitler was intolerant that he wanted to establish  separate territories  for different races.

·         He could not allow the mixing of people of different races.

Q17. What was Jungvolk?

• Youth organization were made responsible for educating Germans youth in the ‘Spirit of National Socialism’.,
• Children below 14 years of age had to join a group which was called Jungvolk.

Q18. What happened in schools under Nazism?

• All schools were cleansed and purified.
• The  Jew  teachers  were thrown out of schools and finally in the 1940 they were taken to gas chambers.  
• The children were taught Nazi values.
• Good German children were given ideological training.
• Text books were re written
• Children were taught to be royal and aggressive.
• The school taught that men and women are not equal.
• Hitler believed that children should be iron hearted, strong and masculine which could be possible if sports like boxing was introduce.

Q19. What was Nazi cult of motherhood?

• In Nazi Germany it was repeatedly told that women were radically different from men.
• Boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted. While girls were told that they had to be good mothers and  rear pure-blooded Aryan children.
• Hitler regarded mothers very important but all mothers were not treated equally.
• Women who gave birth to racially undesirable children were punished and those who gave birth to racially desirable children were awarded.
• These women were given favourable treatments in hospitals, they got concessions in shop, theatre tickets and railway fares.
• Women were encouraged to give birth to many children. The mothers who gave birth to four, six and eight children were awarded bronze, silver and gold cross respectively.

Q20. What was the art of propaganda?

• The Nazi regime used media with care. They used words with great care. They never used words ‘kill’ and ‘murder’. Mass killings were called as ‘Special treatment’ or ‘Final Solution’ (for Jews)
• ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers.
• Media was used to win support for the Nazis.
• Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radios, posters, slogans etc..
• Films were made to create hatred for Jews. The most infamous film was ‘The Eternal Jew’ in which Jews were shown wearing beard and Kaftans but in reality the Germans and Jews could not be distinguished.
• The Jews were called as vermins, rats and pests.

Q21. How did the common people react to Nazism?

• Some people of Germany had a feeling of hatred and anger when they saw Jews. They marked the houses of Jews and were very suspicious of the Jews.
• Many people organized active resistance to Nazism.
• A large majority  of Germans, how ever were passive and they were too scared to react or protest.

Q22. What was Holocaust?

• The Nazi killing operation was called Holocaust
• The world came to know about  the atrocities of the Nazi leader through the documents written by the prisoners which were preserved in milk cans and other places still remain as memoirs and fiction in museums in many parts of the world

Q23. Name a Nazi killing centre.

Auschwitz.

Q24. How was trench life miserable for soldiers in the world wars?

Trench life was miserable for the soldiers. Often corpses were fed by rats. Even the wounded soldiers faced  problems of rats. The soldiers have to face poisonous gas and enemies.

Q25. How was Weimar opposed and how did it  crush the rebels before the rise of Hitler?

1. Revolutionary uprising evolved by Spartacist Leag in Germany against the Weimar govt.  
2. People in Berlin demanded for Soviet style of governance.
3. Socialists, democrats and catholics opposed and met in Weimar and formed democratic republic.
4. The Weimar crushed the rebels with war veterans called ‘Free corps’.

Q26. What is Gestapo?

Gestapo was the secret police force formed by Hitler to keep an  eye on the enemies of Nazism. The people who were against Nazism were tortured in Gestapo torture chambers and then sent to concentration camps.

 Q27. What is Dawes plan?

• The economic  condition of Germany was very backward as a result of I world war.
• The gold resources depleated. In 1923 Germany refused to pay the war indemnity and France occupied a leading industrial coal reserve called Ruhr.
• Germany printed paper currency recklessly whwich led to the fall of German Mark.
• This crisis led to hyper inflation.
• Eventually USA intervened  and bailed Germany out of this crisis by introducing Dawes Plan.

Q28. Write about the Great Economic Depression.  What was the impact of it in Germany?

• The Wall Street Exchange collapsed in USA. The values of shares went down. There were many people  ready to sell their shares and no one to buy. On 24^th October 13 million shares were sold. This was the beginning Great Economic Depression.
•  US support to Germany was also withdrawn.
• Vast unemployment was created
• Germans held placards saying ‘Willing to do any Work’
• Youth queued up at the gate of Employment exchange.

Q29. What were the features of  Fire Decree?

• The Fire Decree of 28^th Feb. 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of press, assembly, speech guaranteed by Weimar Republic
• The communists were packed off to the newly established concentration camps.
• The repression on the communists were severe.

Q30. Discuss the foreign policy of Hitler.

• Hitler violated the rules of League of nations.
• He reoccupied Rhineland in 1936.
• Austria – Germany took the slogan ‘one people, one empire and one leader.
• He annexed Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia as it had maximum Germans.
• He started increasing arms and increased military.
• In Sep.1939 Germany invaded Poland . This started the beginning of second world war.

Q31. Describe the second world war.

• In sep. 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. This marked the beginning of the second world war. England and France attacked Germany.
• In Sep. 1940 a Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy and Japan came called to be called as the Axis power.
• USA entered the war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour, a naval base of America.
• Germany attacked Soviet Union in June 1941. The soviet Red army rooted the German army and reached the heart of Berlin. German army was exposed to aerial bombing by the British.
• US ended the second world war by dropping atom bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan