10th SA 2 History

Chapter 3
Nationalism in India

1. Describe the three movement based on satyagraha organised by Gandhiji.
• Started in 1916 in Champaran, Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
• 1917 - in favour of the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat asking for exemption of land revenue due to crop failure.
• 1918 - amongst the cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad.

2. State the developments in India after the ending of the first world war.
• War created a new economic and political situation.
• Increase in defense expenses financed by war loans at heavy taxes.
• Prices increased creating hardships to the common people.
• Forced recruitment in the army resulted in anger among the people.
• Custom duties were raised and income tax introduced.
• Spread of influenza epidemics killing around 12 to 13 million people due to famine and epidemic.

3. Explain the Rowlatt Act.
• Purpose: To repress the political activities of the nationalists.
• Provision: It gave powers to the government to detain the political prisoners without trial for two years.
• Demonstrations: Gandhiji wanted to oppose the unjust law in a non violent way. Rallies were organised. workers went on strike, shops were closed on.
• Government reaction: Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar. Gandhiji was not allowed to enter Delhi, On 10th April the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, resulting in wide spread attack on the banks, police stations and post offices. martial law was imposed under the command of General Dyer.

4. Explain the Jallianwala bagh incident.
• Villagers gathered in the ground of Jallianwala bagh on 13th April 1919 to attend a fair. They were unaware of the martial law. General Dyre ordered firing in which 100s of people were killed.
• Impact: People in north India resented and demonstrated in streets, there were strikes and clashes with the police, Government buildings were attacked, government suppressed it brutally.

5. Describe Khilafat issue (1920 - 21):
• Turkey was defeated in first world war.
• Harsh peace treaty to be imposed enraged the Muslims in India.
• Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali had talks with Gandhiji to start a joint mass action against the government.

6. Explain the efforts of Gandhji for starting a more broad based movement in India.
• The Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited to cities and towns. The movement started taking a violent shape and thus Gandhiji withdrew and decided to launch a broad based movement.
• He felt at the support of muslims was a must and decided to take up the Khilafat issue.
• In the calcutta session of the congress Gandhiji stressed the need to start a non co-operation movement in support of khilafat movement.

7. How did the movement start in towns and why did it slowed down? Or
• Students left the government owned schools and colleges, teachers and headmasters resigned.
• Lawyers gave up practices.
• Council elections were boycotted except in Madras.
• Justice party of the non - Brahmin did not boycott the elections.
• Cost of Khadi was higher and poor people could not afford.
• English schools and colleges could not be boycotted for long since there was no alternative Indian institutions.
• Teachers and students returned back to schools. Lawyers also went back to the courts.

8. What was the non cooperation movement for the people in the countryside (village)?
• Demand of the peasants: Reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar, Social boycott oppressive landlords.
• Methods: Nai-Dhobhi-Bandh were organised to deprive landlords of their services.
• In June 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ram Chandra set up Awadh Kisan Sabha and within a month 300 branches were set up.
• Congress leadership unhappy: The houses of Talukdars were attacked in 1921during the non cooperation movement.
• Bazaars were looted and grain hoards were captured.
• In many places the local leaders asked the peasants not to pay taxes as Gandhiji said so.
• Gandhiji's name meant sanction to all activities.

9. Explain the tribal revolt in India.
• Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had special powers, he could make astrological predictions, he could heal the people and survive bullet shots.
• Raju was regarded as an incarnation of God.
• He spoke of Gandhiji's greatness and his non - cooperation movement. He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up alcohol. He asserted that swaraj could be attained by force and not by non violence.
• This led the Gudem rebels to attack police stations, kill British officials and use guerrilla war fare.
• Raju was captured and executed in 1924 and has become a folk hero.

10. Describe the satyagraha movement organized by Mahatma Gandhi from 1916 to 1918.
• In 1916 mahatma Gandhi successfully organized satyagraha movement in Champaran, Bihar. He inspired the peasants to struggle against the plantation system.
• In 1917, he organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. The peasants struggled against crop failure, plague epidemic and relaxation in tax.
• In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Bardoli, Ahmedabad to organize Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
11. What is Satyagraha?
Active resistance, it is the weapon of weak, A satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the substance of soul.

12. How was the struggle for swaraj led by the plantation workers?
• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
• When they heard of Non – cooperation movement, they got exited and they defied their authorities and left plantations and went back home.
• They hoped for Gandhi raj and believed to own land in their village.
• But the workers were caught on the way and beaten up.

13. What caused the withdrawl of the Non co-operation movement?
• Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non co-operation movement because the movement started turning violent.
• At Chauri Chaura, in 1922 in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.
• Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non cooperation movement.
14. Write a short note on the swaraj party?
• Within the congress C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru were now tired of mass struggles.
• They organized a party called Swaraj Party.
• They wanted to participate in the provincial council elections and break the government from within.
• Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chndra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.

15. Discuss about the Stautary Commission called the Simon Commission.
• This commission was set up to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India.
• The commission did not have even a single Indian member in it.
• Simon commission was boycotted everywhere with a black flag and the Slogan ‘Go back Simon’.
• All parties, including the congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.
• Lord Irwin announced a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India and Round table conference to discuss a future constitutions.
• This satisfied the congress leaders.

16. How did the congress demanded Poorna Swaraj in the Lahore session?
• In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru , the Lahore Congress formalized the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence.
• It declared that on 26th January 1930 complete independence would be celebrated and a pledge to struggle for complete independence will be taken by the people.
17. Describe the Salt satyagraha.
• On 30th January 1930 Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands including salt tax.
• The letter was an ultimatum. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. On 11th march Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience movement from Sabarmati ashram with 78 delegates to Dandi in Gujrat.
• He covered 240 miles of distance. Gandhiji and his followers walked 24 hours a day and reached on 6th April and manufactured salt.
• This marked the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.
• This was different from non – cooperation movement as people were now asked not only to refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws.
• Thousands of people broke salt law. People boycotted foreign goods and liquor shops were picketed.
• Peasants refused to pay revenues and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, people violated forest laws.
18. How did the British government handled the situations of civil disobedience?
• The government arrested the leaders one by one.
• This led to violent clashes in many places. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested. People opposed the government and violence broke. The police killed thousands of people .
• Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested. Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings and railway stations. Mass arrests were made.
• Seeing the movement to be violent, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement and entered into Gandhi Irwin pact.
19. Describe the round table conference.
• Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table conference and the government agreed to release the political prisoners by signing the Gandhi Irwin Pact.
• The first Round Table Conference was boycotted by the congress.
• In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
• Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
• Gaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were arrested and the congress was declared illegal.
• Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the civil Disobedience Movement.
• By 1934 the movement lost.
20. How did the different social groups respond to the civil Disobedience movement?
Or
Describe the important features of the civil disobedience movement.
Countryside rich peasant communities:
• They were active in the movement. These people were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
• They found impossible to pay the revenue. These people became the enthusiastic supporters of the civil disobedience movement.
• For them fight of swaraj means fight against revenue.
• They were disappointed when the movement was called off. They lost all their hopes when the movement was revived.
Poor peasants:
• The poor peasants not only fought against the revenue but also wanted a rentless land for their livelihood.
• They joined a variety of radical radical movements, often led by socialists and communists.
• The relationship between the congress and the poor peasants remained uncertain.
• Congress was unwilling to support no rent campaign in most places.
Business classes:
• During first world war the Indian merchants made huge profits and became powerful.
• But later on the colonial government put restrictions on them which was disliked.
• They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
• They formed the Indian Industrial and commercial congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927.
• This was led by Thakurdas and G.D. Birla.
• They supported the disobedience movement when it was launched.
• After the failure of Round Table Conference, they were not uniformly enthusiastic. They worried about disruption in their business. They did not participate in the civil disobedience movement except Nagpur.
Women:
• Women participated in a large scale. They came out to listen to Gandhiji during salt march.
• They participated in marches, picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
• Women from all classes participated in the movement.
• They saw the service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

(Read Box 1 information from the book)

21. what are limits of the civil disobedience? Write a short not on Poona pact.
• The congress had ignored the dalits for long. It feared of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus.
• Mahatma Gandhi believed that swaraj can be achieved only when untouchability would be eliminated. He called the people harijans.
• Dalits began to organize themselves and demanded reserved seats in the educational institutions and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
• Dalit’s participation became limited particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led the Depressed classess Association in 1930, clashed in the second Round Table congress.
• Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that this would slow down the process of their integration into society.
• Dr. Ambedkar agreed with Gandhiji and signed Poona Pact in September 1932.
• It gave a separate electorate but to be voted in by the general electorate.
• The Muslim league under Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded for a separate province in Punjab and Bengal.
• When the civil disobedience movement was started the Muslims did not support.
• They feared that the culture as a minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
22. How did the people belonging to different communities regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging?
• History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols all played an important role in creating nationalism.
• In 20th century the image of Bharatmata was visualized. This image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In 1870s he wrote ‘ Vande mataram’ as a hymn which was included in his novel Anandmath.
• Abanindranath Tagore paited his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this she is portraid as an ascetic.
• The folk lore on the other hand gave a true picture of traditional culture.
• In Madras Natesa Sastri published a massive four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India.
• Reinterpretation of history was another means of creating nationalism. Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
• They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.


chapter 2
The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China
(Page – 29 to 32)
Q1. Where is Indo – China? Which countries comprised Indo – China?
Indo – China is located in South East Asia on the silk route. It comprised of Laos, Combodia and Vietnam. Indo – China was under the domination of China. Chinese culture and Chinese system of governments were followed here.
Q2. Who colonized Indo – China? When?
The French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid of 1880s they established a firm grip over the northern region. After Franco – Chinese war the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam. Franco – Indo- China was formed in 1887. Nationalist movement developed. French made an economic and military control over Vietnam.
Q3. What urged the French to have colonies? Or What was the need of the French to establish colonies?
• Colonies were necessary for the supply of natural resources.
• Like other foreign countries the French too wanted to civilize the people in the colony.
• Colonies further provided them as market place of their products.
Q4. How did the French progress in Indo – China?
• The French built canals and drained the lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
• Rice was exported to the international market. Indo China ranked 3rd in the world in 1931.
• The French took infrastructure projects like transport and communication. They made military garrison to control the entire region.
• Trans rail network was constructed connecting north and southern part of Vietnam and China.
• Final link with Yunan was completed in 1910. Second line was built between. Vietnam to Siam via the Combodian capital to Phnom Penh.
Q5. Explain the basis of the Vietnamese economy?
(i) The main basis of economy of the Vietnamese was the cultivation of rice and rubber plantation.
(ii) This was owned by the French and a few elites of Vietnam.
Q6. Why did the French wanted to educate the vietnamese?
• To fulfill the aim of civilizing the Vietnamese.
• To employ educated Vietnamese in their administration.
• To educate the labour force.
• But at the same time they also feared that if they were educated they might raise questions against their authority.
. Q7. What steps did the French take to counter the Chinese influence in Vietnam? Give four points.
The elites were under a strong influence of Chinese culture and to consolidate French power they had to counter the Chinese influence.
• They systematically dismantled the traditional system of education prevailing there.
• They opened French schools for the Vietnamese.
• They wanted to replace the use of Chinese language, used by the elites.
• There was another problem of replacing it by French or Vietnamese.
Q8. Explain the two broad views of the French policy makers on the use of French or Vietnamese.
• Through French language the French will come into the contact of the French culture and civilization.
• This would create Asiatic France.
• The educated Vietnamese will respect the French sentiments and ideals and adopt French culture.
• The Vietnamese who learnt French and acquired French culture was given French citizenship.
Q9. Explain the messages the French wanted to spread through their school text books.
• Glorification of French and justification of the colonial rules.
• They pictured Vietnamese as primitive and backward and can do only manual labour.
• They are only skilled copyists but not creative.
TALKING MODERN Page 34 – 3

Q10. Why did the French government deliberately failed the students in final year?
The French made Vietnamese as the medium of instruction in the primary classes and French in the higher classes. The French government deliberately failed the students in final year so that they could not get better qualified well paid jobs. Out of 17 million there were less than 400 who passed the examination.
Q11. Comment on the school text books.
• Glorified the colonial rule.
• Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward.
• Capable of manual labour.
• Skilled copyists, not creative.
• French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam.
Page 35
LOOKING MODERN
Q12. When was the Tonkin Free school started?
In 1907, to provide western education. Science and French were taught in the evenings. The school also taught to be modern and encouraged western styles, such as having a short haircut.
Page 36
RESISTENCE IN SCHOOLS
Q13. How did the school react with the modern education?
• The vietnamese did not follow blindly.
• Sometimes opposed openly or silently resisted.
• Vietnamese teachers were more in lower classes and they quietly modified and criticized the text book.
Q14. Narrate the event of major protest in Saigon Native Girls school.
• The Vietnamese girl sitting in front row was asked to move back. She refused.
• The colon principal (French man) expelled her.
• Angry students protested.
• They too were expelled and the protest spread.
• Finally the principal agreed but warned the students that he will crush all the Vietnamese under his feet. .
• ‘The party of Young Annan’was published by ‘Annanese students’
Q15. Why did the Vietnamese students oppose the French government?
They opposed because they wanted to resist the government efforts to prevent the Vietnamese from qualifying for white - collar jobs. They thought that it was the duty of the educated elite to fight. Colleges became important centres of resisting the French.
Page 37
HYGIENE, DISEASE AND EVERYDAY RESISTENCE
Q16. Why was Hanoi rebuilt?
The latest ideas about architecture and modern engineering skills to build a new and ‘ modern city.
Q17. When did plague struck modern Hanoi? 1903.
Q18. Describe the newly rebuilt city of Hanoi.
Hanoi was rebuilt as clean city with wide avenues and a well laid out sewer systems, while the refuse of the old city were drained straight into the river. The refuse overflowed into the city and this caused plague. Rats began to enter the well cared homes of the French through the sewage pipes.
THE RAT HUNT Page – 38
Q19. How did the problem of Rat hunt ended? Or Describe the incidents of Rat hunt.
A rat hunt was started in 1902. The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught. Rats were caught in thousands. The workers began to bargain and became a profitable business. The bounty was paid when tail was given as proof that rat had been killed. Rat catchers took just clipping the tails and releasing the rats, so that the process could be repeated. Due to the ill practices the French had to scrap the bounty programme.
Page – 39
RELIGION AND ANTI COLONIALISTS
Q20. Who was Confucious? Discuss the philosophy of confucious.
A Chinese thinker who developed philosophical system based on good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social relationships. Respect parents. The king or the ruler is like the father of his subjects.
Q21. Which religions were followed by the Vietnamese? - Buddhism and confucionism.
Q22. How did the Vietnamese react to the propagation Christianity?
• The Vietnamese were intolerant towards Christianity.
• Scholars revolt was organized in 1868 against civilizing missions.
• In Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces thousands of Catholics were killed.
• A popular movement called Hoa – Hao in 1939 carried in the fertile Mekong delta area against French uprisings.
• The founder of the movement was Huynh Phu so.
• He opposed the sale of child, brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium.
Q23. How did the French react to the Vietnamese uprisal under the leadership of Huynh Phu So?
• The French declared him mad and put in a mental asylum.
• In 1941 he was declared a sane (normal person).
• The French authorities exiled him to Laos.
Page – 41
THE VISION OF MODERNISATION
Q24. Explain some of the popular movements and their leaders in Vietnam.
• Confucian scholar activists resisted the French domination in the 19th century.
• Phan Boi Chau was one such nationalist. He formed the Revolutionary society called ‘Duy Tan Hoi’ in 1903, with prince Cuong De as the head.
• The history of the loss of vietnam’ was written by Phan. He met Liang Qichao (1873 – 1929) in Yokohama in 1905, who was a Chinese reformer. The book focuses ‘the loss of sovereignty.
• Another nationalist was ‘Phan Chu Trinh’ (1871 -1926). He wanted to establish a democratic republic. He opposed French rule but was influenced by western civilization.
• He accepted the French set up of legal and an educational Institutions and development of agriculture and industries.
Page -42
OTHER WAYS OF BECOMING MODERN: JAPAN AND CHINA
Q25. What do you know about the ‘Go East Movement’?
• The Vietnamese has a close relationship with Japan and China.
• A Go East Movement became popular in the first decade of 20th century.
• In 1907 - 08 some 300 students went to Japan for modern education.
• They appealed to the Japanese for arms and help.
• By this time Japan had defeated Russia in 1907 and proved its strength.
• In 1911 monarchy in China was overthrown under Sun – Yat – Sen and a republic was set up. Vietnamese wanted to establish a democratic republic like China.
• Vietnamese organized the association for the restoration of Vietnam.
Page 43
THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND VIETNAMESE NATIONALISTS
Q26. Which two plantation crops were greatly fell during the great economic depression in Vietnam?
Rice and rubber. Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces were greatly affected by the depression.
These towns were called Electrical fuses.
Q27. How did the French control the uprisings?
• The French dealt severely and then used planes to bomb the demonstrators.
Q28. Who established communist party? How ?
• Ho chi Minh brought together nationalist groups and established the Vietnamese communist party. (Vietnam San Dang –later renamed as Indo Chinese communist Party)
Q29. When was the democratic republic of Vietnam formed ? under whom and how?
• In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam. Viet Minh (league for independence) was formed and fought against the French and Japan.
• Viet Minh was also called as ‘viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh.
• VietMinh recaptured Hanoi from Japanese in Sep. 1945.
Page 47
THE HO – CHI – MINH TRAIL
Q30. What was Ho – Chi Minh Trail?
• The trail was an immense network of foot paths and roads used to transport men and materials from the north to the south during the war. The trail has hospitals and support bases along the way. Supplies were made through transports and porters. Most of the porters were women. They carried load of 25 kg on their back or 70 kgs of loads in their bicycle. Most of the trail lines were outside Vietnam in Laos and Cambodia. US regularly bombed their trail but the trails were rebuilt quickly.
Page: 49
THE NATION AND ITS HEROES
Q31. Whose novel caused a scandal of women rebellion ?
The novel by ‘Nhat Linh caused a scandal because it showed a woman leaving a forced marriage and marrying some one of her choice.
Q32. Describe the life stories of Trung sisters and Treiu Au in Vietnamese struggle for freedom.
Trung Sisters: In 1913, the nationalist Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of Trung sisters fought against Chinese domination to save Vietnamese nation. The sisters were idealized and glorified. They were depicted in paintings, plays and novels. They gathered force of over 30, 3000 resisted the Chinese for 2 years and ultimately defeated and committed suicide.
Treiu Au: a women rebel in the 3rd century fought in the struggle. Orphaned in childhood, lived with her brother, left home and went into the jungles, organized a home and went into the jungles, organized a large army and resisted Chinese rule. Her army was crushed , she drowned herself and became a sacred figure.
Page – 50
WOMEN AS WARRIORS
Q31. How were women portrayed in vietnam? What were their contribution in the war?
• Women were portrayed as brave, dedicated and felt happy to join army and rifles.
• They were hard workers.
• Nguyen Thi Xuan a reputed women warrior shot down a jet with just twenty bullets. Women worked selfless and served the country.
• They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy.
• They constructed Ho chi Minh trails, airships and transported ten thousands of kilograms of cargo weapons and food and shot down fifteen planes.
• By 1970s peace was sought. Now women were represented as workers in agricultural cooperatives, factories and production units rather than a fighters.
Q34. How did the Vietnam war came to an end?
A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January in 1974. This ended conflict with US but fighting between the Siagon regime and the NLF continued. The NLF occupied the Presidential palace in Saiagon on 30th April 1975 and unified Vietnam.